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-# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

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-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

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-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

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-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-#

-# Add new entries in alphabetical order

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-Nikolay Govorov <me@govorov.online>

-Nikolay Govorov <mr@dimidiumlabs.io>

-# Hule Individual Contributor License Agreement

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-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

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- a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

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- b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

-

- c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

-

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-

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-

- f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

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- g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

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-

- k. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

-

-Section 2 – Scope.

-

- a. License grant.

-

- 1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

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- A. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part; and

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- B. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material.

-

- 2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

-

- 3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

-

- 4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.

-

- 5. Downstream recipients.

-

- A. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

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- B. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

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- 6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

-

-b. Other rights.

-

- 1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

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- 2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

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- 3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties.

-

-Section 3 – License Conditions.

-

-Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

-

- a. Attribution.

-

- 1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

-

- A. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

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- i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

-

- ii. a copyright notice;

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- iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

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- iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

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- v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

-

- B. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

-

- C. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

-

- 2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

-

- 3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

-

- 4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

-

-Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

-

-Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

-

- a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database;

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- b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

-

- c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

-For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

-

-Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

-

- a. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.

-

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- c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

-

-Section 6 – Term and Termination.

-

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-

- b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

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- 1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

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- 2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

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-

- e. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

-

-Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

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- b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

-

-Section 8 – Interpretation.

-

- a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

-

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-

-Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

-

-Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

-

-## Contributing

-

-We welcome your contributions, including code, bug reports, ideas, and success

-stories.

-

-If you are making a contribution for the first time or from a new email, please

-add yourself to the `.mailmap`.

-

-### Signoff

-

-To include your code, we ask that you read and agree to the [CLA](./CLA.md). To

-sign, add a `CLA-Version: 1.0` and a `Signed-off-by` trailer to every commit

-(`git commit -s --trailer "CLA-Version: 1.0"`). Each commit in a pull request

-must carry a valid `Signed-off-by` line matching the commit author. Please use

-your real name. We cannot include code from anonymous contributors.

-

-AI agents MUST NOT add Signed-off-by tags. Only humans can legally certify the

-Contributor License Agreement.

-

-### AI policy

-

-You may use AI agents when writing code and documentation. AI is not allowed for

-media including images, videos, fonts at all. You must fully read, understand,

-and cleanup any code generated by the agent. We ask that you disclose the

-agent's use and indicate the tool, model, and extent of contribution.

-

-Contributions should include an Assisted-by tag in the following format:

-`Assisted-by: AGENT_NAME:MODEL_VERSION [TOOL1] [TOOL2]`, for example:

-`Assisted-by: Claude:claude-4.6-opus coccinelle sparse`

-

-Remember, AI agents should make software better, not worse.

-

-## Licensing

-

-Hule source code is licensed under Apache-2.0. Documentation is licensed under

-CC-BY-4.0.

-

-The image-generation scripts in `images/*/genimg` are derived from code

-originally published by Drew DeVault as part of [SourceHut](https://sr.ht) and

-remain licensed under AGPL-3.0-only. They are not linked into or included in

-Hule binaries or release artifacts. Other source code and scripts developed for

-Hule are licensed under Apache-2.0.

-

-Machine images remain subject to the licenses of their operating systems and

-included software.

-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

- "mise.lock",

-

-[[annotations]]

-path = [

- ".mailmap",

-]

-SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "2026 Nikolay Govorov"

-SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"

-

-[[annotations]]

-path = [

- "CLA.md",

-]

-SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "2026 Nikolay Govorov"

-SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC-BY-3.0"

-

-[[annotations]]

-path = [

- "README.md",

- "docs/*.md",

-]

-SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "2026 Nikolay Govorov"

-SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC-BY-4.0"

-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-[package]

-name = "hule-hmi"

-description = "Types and validation for Hule machine images"

-

-publish.workspace = true

-edition.workspace = true

-version.workspace = true

-license.workspace = true

-authors.workspace = true

-repository.workspace = true

-

-[dependencies]

-serde.workspace = true

-serde_json.workspace = true

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-//! Types and validation for a Hule machine image `config.json`.

-//!

-//! This crate deliberately has no filesystem, registry, or VMM concerns. It

-//! validates the declared image contract; callers decide how referenced files

-//! are stored and executed.

-//!

-//! # Schema evolution

-//!

-//! Bump [`SCHEMA_VERSION`] only for breaking changes. Within a version:

-//! [`Boot`]/[`Access`] are menus, so they tolerate unrecognized entries via

-//! `Unknown`; [`Architecture`]/[`DiskFormat`] are single mandatory values

-//! with no fallback, so they stay closed enums; `system.os` and digest

-//! algorithms stay plain strings. No `deny_unknown_fields`; `rename_all =

-//! "camelCase"` on every struct.

-

-use std::collections::HashSet;

-use std::fmt;

-use std::path::{Component, Path};

-

-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

-

-pub const SCHEMA_VERSION: u8 = 1;

-pub const KIND: &str = "MachineImage";

-

-pub const BOOT_LINUX_DIRECT: &str = "linux/direct";

-pub const BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_BIOS: &str = "firmware-disk/bios";

-pub const BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_UEFI: &str = "firmware-disk/uefi";

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]

-pub enum DiskFormat {

- Qcow2,

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(transparent)]

-pub struct Digest(pub String);

-

-impl fmt::Display for Digest {

- fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {

- f.write_str(&self.0)

- }

-}

-

-impl Digest {

- fn validate_into(&self, field: &str, validation: &mut Validation) {

- let Some(hex) = self.0.strip_prefix("sha256:") else {

- validation.error(format!("{field} must use sha256"));

- return;

- };

- if hex.len() != 64 || !hex.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {

- validation.error(format!("{field} must contain 64 hexadecimal digits"));

- }

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct ResourceRange {

- pub minimum: u64,

- pub default: u64,

-}

-

-impl ResourceRange {

- fn validate_into(self, field: &str, validation: &mut Validation) {

- if self.minimum == 0 {

- validation.error(format!("{field}.minimum must be greater than zero"));

- }

- if self.default < self.minimum {

- validation.error(format!("{field}.default must be at least minimum"));

- }

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct FileRef {

- pub path: String,

- pub digest: Digest,

-}

-

-impl FileRef {

- fn validate_into(&self, field: &str, validation: &mut Validation) {

- validation.path(&self.path, &format!("{field}.path"));

- self.digest

- .validate_into(&format!("{field}.digest"), validation);

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct BootBios {

- pub protocol: String,

- pub disk: String,

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct BootUefi {

- pub protocol: String,

- pub disk: String,

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct BootLinux {

- pub protocol: String,

- pub disk: String,

- pub kernel: FileRef,

- pub initrd: FileRef,

- pub cmdline: String,

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]

-#[serde(untagged)]

-pub enum Boot {

- Bios(BootBios),

- Uefi(BootUefi),

- Linux(BootLinux),

- Unknown(serde_json::Value),

-}

-

-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Boot {

- fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {

- use serde::de::Error;

-

- let value = serde_json::Value::deserialize(deserializer)?;

- let protocol = value.get("protocol").and_then(|p| p.as_str()).unwrap_or("");

-

- #[derive(Deserialize)]

- struct Raw {

- disk: String,

- #[serde(default)]

- kernel: Option<FileRef>,

- #[serde(default)]

- initrd: Option<FileRef>,

- #[serde(default)]

- cmdline: Option<String>,

- }

-

- match protocol {

- BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_BIOS => {

- let raw: Raw = serde_json::from_value(value).map_err(Error::custom)?;

- if raw.kernel.is_some() || raw.initrd.is_some() || raw.cmdline.is_some() {

- return Err(Error::custom(

- "firmware-disk boot must not contain kernel, initrd, or cmdline",

- ));

- }

- Ok(Self::Bios(BootBios {

- protocol: BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_BIOS.into(),

- disk: raw.disk,

- }))

- }

- BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_UEFI => {

- let raw: Raw = serde_json::from_value(value).map_err(Error::custom)?;

- if raw.kernel.is_some() || raw.initrd.is_some() || raw.cmdline.is_some() {

- return Err(Error::custom(

- "firmware-disk boot must not contain kernel, initrd, or cmdline",

- ));

- }

- Ok(Self::Uefi(BootUefi {

- protocol: BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_UEFI.into(),

- disk: raw.disk,

- }))

- }

- BOOT_LINUX_DIRECT => {

- let raw: Raw = serde_json::from_value(value).map_err(Error::custom)?;

- Ok(Self::Linux(BootLinux {

- protocol: BOOT_LINUX_DIRECT.into(),

- disk: raw.disk,

- kernel: raw.kernel.ok_or_else(|| Error::missing_field("kernel"))?,

- initrd: raw.initrd.ok_or_else(|| Error::missing_field("initrd"))?,

- cmdline: raw.cmdline.ok_or_else(|| Error::missing_field("cmdline"))?,

- }))

- }

- _ => Ok(Self::Unknown(value)),

- }

- }

-}

-

-impl Boot {

- pub fn protocol(&self) -> &str {

- match self {

- Self::Bios(v) => &v.protocol,

- Self::Uefi(v) => &v.protocol,

- Self::Linux(v) => &v.protocol,

- Self::Unknown(v) => v.get("protocol").and_then(|p| p.as_str()).unwrap_or(""),

- }

- }

-

- pub fn disk(&self) -> &str {

- match self {

- Self::Bios(v) => &v.disk,

- Self::Uefi(v) => &v.disk,

- Self::Linux(v) => &v.disk,

- Self::Unknown(_) => "",

- }

- }

-

- /// False only for `Unknown`.

- pub fn is_recognized(&self) -> bool {

- !matches!(self, Self::Unknown(_))

- }

-

- fn validate_into(&self, field: &str, validation: &mut Validation) {

- match self {

- Self::Bios(value) => {

- if value.protocol != BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_BIOS {

- validation.error(format!(

- "{field} BIOS protocol must be '{BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_BIOS}'"

- ));

- }

- validation.required(&value.disk, &format!("{field}.disk"));

- }

- Self::Uefi(value) => {

- if value.protocol != BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_UEFI {

- validation.error(format!(

- "{field} UEFI protocol must be '{BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_UEFI}'"

- ));

- }

- validation.required(&value.disk, &format!("{field}.disk"));

- }

- Self::Linux(value) => {

- if value.protocol != BOOT_LINUX_DIRECT {

- validation.error(format!(

- "{field} direct Linux protocol must be '{BOOT_LINUX_DIRECT}'"

- ));

- }

- validation.required(&value.disk, &format!("{field}.disk"));

- value

- .kernel

- .validate_into(&format!("{field}.kernel"), validation);

- value

- .initrd

- .validate_into(&format!("{field}.initrd"), validation);

- validation.required(&value.cmdline, &format!("{field}.cmdline"));

- }

- // Nothing to check: unrecognized entries are tolerated, not inspected.

- Self::Unknown(_) => {}

- }

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]

-pub enum Architecture {

- Amd64,

- Arm64,

- Loong64,

- Ppc64le,

- Riscv64,

- S390x,

-}

-

-impl Architecture {

- /// The architecture this process is running on, if it's one we know.

- pub fn host() -> Option<Self> {

- match std::env::consts::ARCH {

- "x86_64" => Some(Self::Amd64),

- "aarch64" => Some(Self::Arm64),

- "loongarch64" => Some(Self::Loong64),

- "riscv64" => Some(Self::Riscv64),

- "s390x" => Some(Self::S390x),

- "powerpc64" if cfg!(target_endian = "little") => Some(Self::Ppc64le),

- _ => None,

- }

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct System {

- pub os: String,

- #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]

- pub name: Option<String>,

- pub version: String,

- pub architecture: Architecture,

-}

-

-impl System {

- fn validate_into(&self, field: &str, validation: &mut Validation) {

- validation.required(&self.os, &format!("{field}.os"));

- if let Some(name) = &self.name {

- validation.required(name, &format!("{field}.name"));

- }

- validation.required(&self.version, &format!("{field}.version"));

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct Disk {

- pub id: String,

- pub format: DiskFormat,

- pub path: String,

- pub digest: Digest,

- pub virt_size: u64,

- pub disk_size: u64,

-}

-

-impl Disk {

- fn validate_into(&self, field: &str, validation: &mut Validation) {

- validation.required(&self.id, &format!("{field}.id"));

- validation.path(&self.path, &format!("{field}.path"));

- self.digest

- .validate_into(&format!("{field}.digest"), validation);

- if self.virt_size == 0 {

- validation.error(format!("{field}.virtSize must be greater than zero"));

- }

- if self.disk_size == 0 {

- validation.error(format!("{field}.diskSize must be greater than zero"));

- }

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]

-#[serde(untagged, rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub enum Access {

- Ssh {

- #[serde(rename = "type")]

- kind: String,

- port: u16,

- user: String,

- auth: String,

- },

- /// qemu-guest-agent. The hypervisor backend chooses and configures a

- /// compatible transport; the image only promises that the agent runs.

- Qga {

- #[serde(rename = "type")]

- kind: String,

- },

- /// Unrecognized access surface, preserved verbatim.

- Unknown(serde_json::Value),

-}

-

-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Access {

- fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {

- use serde::de::Error;

-

- let value = serde_json::Value::deserialize(deserializer)?;

- let kind = value.get("type").and_then(|t| t.as_str()).unwrap_or("");

-

- match kind {

- "ssh" => {

- #[derive(Deserialize)]

- struct Raw {

- port: u16,

- user: String,

- auth: String,

- }

- let raw: Raw = serde_json::from_value(value).map_err(Error::custom)?;

- Ok(Self::Ssh {

- kind: "ssh".into(),

- port: raw.port,

- user: raw.user,

- auth: raw.auth,

- })

- }

- "qga" => Ok(Self::Qga { kind: "qga".into() }),

- _ => Ok(Self::Unknown(value)),

- }

- }

-}

-

-impl Access {

- /// False only for `Unknown`.

- pub fn is_recognized(&self) -> bool {

- !matches!(self, Self::Unknown(_))

- }

-

- fn validate_into(&self, field: &str, validation: &mut Validation) {

- match self {

- Self::Ssh {

- port, user, auth, ..

- } => {

- if *port == 0 {

- validation.error(format!("{field}.port must be greater than zero"));

- }

- validation.required(user, &format!("{field}.user"));

- validation.required(auth, &format!("{field}.auth"));

- }

- Self::Qga { .. } | Self::Unknown(_) => {}

- }

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct NetworkDhcp {}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct NetworkStatic {

- pub address: String,

- pub gateway: String,

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(tag = "mode", rename_all = "lowercase")]

-pub enum Network {

- Dhcp(NetworkDhcp),

- Static(NetworkStatic),

-}

-

-impl Network {

- fn validate_into(&self, field: &str, validation: &mut Validation) {

- if let Self::Static(network) = self {

- validation.required(&network.address, &format!("{field}.address"));

- validation.required(&network.gateway, &format!("{field}.gateway"));

- }

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct Machine {

- pub cpu: ResourceRange,

- pub ram: ResourceRange,

- pub boot: Vec<Boot>,

- #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]

- pub access: Vec<Access>,

- pub network: Network,

-}

-

-impl Machine {

- fn validate_into(&self, field: &str, validation: &mut Validation) {

- self.cpu.validate_into(&format!("{field}.cpu"), validation);

- self.ram.validate_into(&format!("{field}.ram"), validation);

- if !self.boot.iter().any(Boot::is_recognized) {

- validation.error(format!(

- "{field}.boot must contain at least one supported boot protocol"

- ));

- }

- for (index, boot) in self.boot.iter().enumerate() {

- boot.validate_into(&format!("{field}.boot[{index}]"), validation);

- }

- if !self.access.is_empty() && !self.access.iter().any(Access::is_recognized) {

- validation.error(format!(

- "{field}.access must contain at least one supported access method"

- ));

- }

- for (index, access) in self.access.iter().enumerate() {

- access.validate_into(&format!("{field}.access[{index}]"), validation);

- }

- self.network

- .validate_into(&format!("{field}.network"), validation);

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Default)]

-struct Validation {

- issues: Vec<String>,

-}

-

-impl Validation {

- fn error(&mut self, message: impl Into<String>) {

- self.issues.push(message.into());

- }

-

- fn required(&mut self, value: &str, field: &str) {

- if value.trim().is_empty() {

- self.error(format!("{field} must not be empty"));

- }

- }

-

- fn path(&mut self, value: &str, field: &str) {

- let path = Path::new(value);

- if value.is_empty()

- || path.is_absolute()

- || path

- .components()

- .any(|component| !matches!(component, Component::Normal(_)))

- {

- self.error(format!("{field} must be a relative normalized path"));

- }

- }

-

- fn finish(self) -> Result<(), ValidationError> {

- if self.issues.is_empty() {

- Ok(())

- } else {

- Err(ValidationError {

- issues: self.issues,

- })

- }

- }

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]

-pub struct ValidationError {

- issues: Vec<String>,

-}

-

-impl ValidationError {

- fn single(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {

- Self {

- issues: vec![message.into()],

- }

- }

-

- pub fn issues(&self) -> &[String] {

- &self.issues

- }

-}

-

-impl fmt::Display for ValidationError {

- fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {

- write!(

- f,

- "invalid Hule image configuration: {}",

- self.issues.join("; ")

- )

- }

-}

-

-impl std::error::Error for ValidationError {}

-

-#[derive(Debug)]

-pub enum ParseError {

- Json(serde_json::Error),

- Validation(ValidationError),

-}

-

-impl fmt::Display for ParseError {

- fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {

- match self {

- Self::Json(error) => write!(f, "invalid JSON: {error}"),

- Self::Validation(error) => error.fmt(f),

- }

- }

-}

-

-impl std::error::Error for ParseError {}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]

-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

-pub struct MachineImage {

- pub schema_version: u8,

- pub kind: String,

- pub system: System,

- pub machine: Machine,

- pub disks: Vec<Disk>,

-}

-

-impl MachineImage {

- pub fn from_json(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ParseError> {

- #[derive(Deserialize)]

- #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]

- struct Header {

- schema_version: u8,

- #[serde(default)]

- kind: Option<String>,

- }

-

- let header: Header = serde_json::from_slice(data).map_err(ParseError::Json)?;

- if header.schema_version != SCHEMA_VERSION {

- return Err(ParseError::Validation(ValidationError::single(format!(

- "unsupported schemaVersion {}",

- header.schema_version

- ))));

- }

- if header.kind.as_deref() != Some(KIND) {

- return Err(ParseError::Validation(ValidationError::single(format!(

- "kind must be '{KIND}'"

- ))));

- }

-

- let image: Self = serde_json::from_slice(data).map_err(ParseError::Json)?;

- image.validate().map_err(ParseError::Validation)?;

- Ok(image)

- }

-

- pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), ValidationError> {

- if self.schema_version != SCHEMA_VERSION {

- return Err(ValidationError::single(format!(

- "unsupported schemaVersion {}",

- self.schema_version

- )));

- }

- if self.kind != KIND {

- return Err(ValidationError::single(format!("kind must be '{KIND}'")));

- }

-

- let mut validation = Validation::default();

- self.system.validate_into("system", &mut validation);

- self.machine.validate_into("machine", &mut validation);

-

- if self.disks.is_empty() {

- validation.error("disks must not be empty");

- }

- let mut disk_ids = HashSet::new();

- let mut paths = HashSet::new();

- for (index, disk) in self.disks.iter().enumerate() {

- let at = format!("disks[{index}]");

- disk.validate_into(&at, &mut validation);

- if !disk_ids.insert(disk.id.as_str()) {

- validation.error(format!("duplicate disk id '{}'", disk.id));

- }

- if !paths.insert(disk.path.as_str()) {

- validation.error(format!("duplicate image path '{}'", disk.path));

- }

- }

-

- let mut boot_protocols = HashSet::new();

- for (index, boot) in self.machine.boot.iter().enumerate() {

- if !boot.is_recognized() {

- // Tolerated, not cross-referenced: we don't know what its

- // fields (e.g. "disk") even mean.

- continue;

- }

- if !boot_protocols.insert(boot.protocol()) {

- validation.error(format!("duplicate boot protocol '{}'", boot.protocol()));

- }

- if !disk_ids.contains(boot.disk()) {

- validation.error(format!(

- "machine.boot[{index}] references unknown disk '{}'",

- boot.disk()

- ));

- }

- if let Boot::Linux(linux) = boot {

- if self.system.os != "linux" {

- validation.error(format!(

- "machine.boot[{index}] protocol '{BOOT_LINUX_DIRECT}' requires system.os 'linux'"

- ));

- }

- for path in [&linux.kernel.path, &linux.initrd.path] {

- if !paths.insert(path) {

- validation.error(format!("duplicate image path '{path}'"));

- }

- }

- }

- }

-

- validation.finish()

- }

-

- pub fn referenced_paths(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {

- self.disks.iter().map(|d| d.path.as_str()).chain(

- self.machine

- .boot

- .iter()

- .flat_map(|boot| match boot {

- Boot::Bios(_) | Boot::Uefi(_) | Boot::Unknown(_) => [None, None],

- Boot::Linux(v) => [Some(v.kernel.path.as_str()), Some(v.initrd.path.as_str())],

- })

- .flatten(),

- )

- }

-}

-

-#[cfg(test)]

-mod tests {

- use super::*;

-

- fn valid_json() -> Vec<u8> {

- br#"{"schemaVersion":1,"kind":"MachineImage","system":{"os":"linux","name":"alpine","version":"3.24","architecture":"amd64"},"machine":{"cpu":{"minimum":1,"default":2},"ram":{"minimum":268435456,"default":1073741824},"boot":[{"protocol":"firmware-disk/bios","disk":"root"}],"access":[{"type":"ssh","port":22,"user":"build","auth":"empty-password"}],"network":{"mode":"static","address":"10.0.2.15/24","gateway":"10.0.2.2"}},"disks":[{"id":"root","format":"qcow2","path":"root.hmi","digest":"sha256:aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa","virtSize":1024,"diskSize":512}]}"#.to_vec()

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn parses_and_round_trips_valid_config() {

- let image = MachineImage::from_json(&valid_json()).unwrap();

- let encoded = serde_json::to_vec(&image).unwrap();

- assert_eq!(MachineImage::from_json(&encoded).unwrap(), image);

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn rejects_unknown_disk_and_unsafe_path() {

- let mut image = MachineImage::from_json(&valid_json()).unwrap();

- image.disks[0].path = "../root.hmi".into();

- match &mut image.machine.boot[0] {

- Boot::Bios(v) => v.disk = "missing".into(),

- Boot::Uefi(_) | Boot::Linux(_) | Boot::Unknown(_) => unreachable!(),

- }

- let error = image.validate().unwrap_err();

- assert!(

- error

- .issues()

- .iter()

- .any(|v| v.contains("relative normalized path"))

- );

- assert!(error.issues().iter().any(|v| v.contains("unknown disk")));

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn rejects_invalid_digest_and_resource_range() {

- let mut image = MachineImage::from_json(&valid_json()).unwrap();

- image.disks[0].digest = Digest("md5:no".into());

- image.machine.cpu.default = 0;

- let error = image.validate().unwrap_err();

- assert_eq!(error.issues().len(), 2);

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn system_name_is_optional_but_not_empty() {

- let mut image = MachineImage::from_json(&valid_json()).unwrap();

- image.system.name = None;

- let encoded = serde_json::to_value(&image).unwrap();

- assert!(encoded["system"].get("name").is_none());

- image.validate().unwrap();

-

- image.system.name = Some(String::new());

- assert!(image.validate().is_err());

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn parses_uefi_firmware_disk_boot() {

- let mut image = MachineImage::from_json(&valid_json()).unwrap();

- image.machine.boot[0] = Boot::Uefi(BootUefi {

- protocol: BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_UEFI.into(),

- disk: "root".into(),

- });

-

- let encoded = serde_json::to_vec(&image).unwrap();

- let decoded = MachineImage::from_json(&encoded).unwrap();

- assert_eq!(decoded.machine.boot[0].protocol(), BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_UEFI);

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn rejects_config_whose_only_boot_entry_is_unrecognized() {

- // An unrecognized boot protocol must not fail *parsing* -- see

- // `mixed_boot_list_tolerates_unrecognized_entries` below for why --

- // but a config with *no* recognized entry at all is unusable and

- // must fail *validation*.

- let json = String::from_utf8(valid_json())

- .unwrap()

- .replace(BOOT_FIRMWARE_DISK_BIOS, "firmware-disk/unknown");

- let error = MachineImage::from_json(json.as_bytes()).unwrap_err();

- assert!(

- error

- .to_string()

- .contains("must contain at least one supported boot protocol")

- );

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn mixed_boot_list_tolerates_unrecognized_entries() {

- // A newer image may list a protocol this version doesn't know about

- // alongside one it does; parsing and validation must both succeed,

- // and the unrecognized entry must round-trip losslessly.

- let json = String::from_utf8(valid_json()).unwrap().replace(

- r#"[{"protocol":"firmware-disk/bios","disk":"root"}]"#,

- r#"[{"protocol":"firmware-disk/bios","disk":"root"},{"protocol":"vsock/direct","disk":"root","futureField":42}]"#,

- );

- let image = MachineImage::from_json(json.as_bytes()).unwrap();

- assert_eq!(image.machine.boot.len(), 2);

- assert!(image.machine.boot[0].is_recognized());

- assert!(!image.machine.boot[1].is_recognized());

-

- let encoded = serde_json::to_vec(&image).unwrap();

- assert_eq!(MachineImage::from_json(&encoded).unwrap(), image);

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn rejects_config_whose_only_access_entry_is_unrecognized() {

- let json = String::from_utf8(valid_json()).unwrap().replace(

- r#"{"type":"ssh","port":22,"user":"build","auth":"empty-password"}"#,

- r#"{"type":"vsock-agent","channel":9000}"#,

- );

- let error = MachineImage::from_json(json.as_bytes()).unwrap_err();

- assert!(

- error

- .to_string()

- .contains("must contain at least one supported access method")

- );

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn parses_qga_access() {

- let json = String::from_utf8(valid_json()).unwrap().replace(

- r#"[{"type":"ssh","port":22,"user":"build","auth":"empty-password"}]"#,

- r#"[{"type":"ssh","port":22,"user":"build","auth":"empty-password"},{"type":"qga"}]"#,

- );

- let image = MachineImage::from_json(json.as_bytes()).unwrap();

- assert_eq!(image.machine.access.len(), 2);

- assert!(matches!(image.machine.access[1], Access::Qga { .. }));

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn access_may_be_omitted_for_a_black_box_image() {

- let json = String::from_utf8(valid_json()).unwrap().replace(

- r#","access":[{"type":"ssh","port":22,"user":"build","auth":"empty-password"}]"#,

- "",

- );

- let image = MachineImage::from_json(json.as_bytes()).unwrap();

- assert!(image.machine.access.is_empty());

- assert!(

- serde_json::to_value(image).unwrap()["machine"]

- .get("access")

- .is_none()

- );

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn parses_dhcp_network_without_static_parameters() {

- let json = String::from_utf8(valid_json()).unwrap().replace(

- r#"{"mode":"static","address":"10.0.2.15/24","gateway":"10.0.2.2"}"#,

- r#"{"mode":"dhcp"}"#,

- );

- let image = MachineImage::from_json(json.as_bytes()).unwrap();

- assert!(matches!(image.machine.network, Network::Dhcp(_)));

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn rejects_unknown_schema_before_parsing_schema_fields() {

- let error = MachineImage::from_json(br#"{"schemaVersion":2}"#).unwrap_err();

- let ParseError::Validation(error) = error else {

- panic!("expected validation error")

- };

- assert_eq!(error.issues(), ["unsupported schemaVersion 2"]);

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn rejects_unknown_kind_before_parsing_kind_fields() {

- let error = MachineImage::from_json(br#"{"schemaVersion":1,"kind":"Other"}"#).unwrap_err();

- let ParseError::Validation(error) = error else {

- panic!("expected validation error")

- };

- assert_eq!(error.issues(), ["kind must be 'MachineImage'"]);

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn rejects_unknown_architecture() {

- let json = String::from_utf8(valid_json())

- .unwrap()

- .replace("\"architecture\":\"amd64\"", "\"architecture\":\"mips\"");

- let error = MachineImage::from_json(json.as_bytes()).unwrap_err();

- assert!(error.to_string().contains("unknown variant `mips`"));

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn parses_additional_oci_architectures() {

- for architecture in ["loong64", "riscv64", "s390x"] {

- let json = String::from_utf8(valid_json()).unwrap().replace(

- "\"architecture\":\"amd64\"",

- &format!("\"architecture\":\"{architecture}\""),

- );

- MachineImage::from_json(json.as_bytes()).unwrap();

- }

- }

-}

-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-hule-hmi.workspace = true

-serde_json.workspace = true

-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["fs", "io-util", "rt"] }

-oci-client = "0.17"

-zstd = "0.13"

-sha2 = "0.10"

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-use oci_client::errors::OciDistributionError;

-use std::fmt;

-use std::path::PathBuf;

-

-#[derive(Debug)]

-pub enum Error {

- Io(std::io::Error),

- Json(serde_json::Error),

- InvalidImage(hule_hmi::ParseError),

- InvalidReference {

- reference: String,

- source: oci_client::ParseError,

- },

- Registry(OciDistributionError),

- Task(tokio::task::JoinError),

- InvalidImagePath(PathBuf),

- MissingConfig(PathBuf),

- ImageNotFound(String),

- MissingManifest,

- InvalidLayer(&'static str),

- InvalidAnnotation {

- name: &'static str,

- value: String,

- },

- EmptyImageFile(PathBuf),

- InvalidStoragePath {

- kind: &'static str,

- value: String,

- },

-}

-

-impl fmt::Display for Error {

- fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {

- match self {

- Self::Io(error) => error.fmt(f),

- Self::Json(error) => error.fmt(f),

- Self::InvalidImage(error) => error.fmt(f),

- Self::InvalidReference { reference, source } => {

- write!(f, "invalid reference '{reference}': {source}")

- }

- Self::Registry(error) => error.fmt(f),

- Self::Task(error) => write!(f, "background task failed: {error}"),

- Self::InvalidImagePath(path) => {

- write!(f, "{} has no file name", path.display())

- }

- Self::MissingConfig(path) => {

- write!(f, "{} does not contain config.json", path.display())

- }

- Self::ImageNotFound(reference) => {

- write!(f, "no local image tagged '{reference}'")

- }

- Self::MissingManifest => f.write_str("registry returned no image manifest"),

- Self::InvalidLayer(reason) => write!(f, "invalid chunk layer: {reason}"),

- Self::InvalidAnnotation { name, value } => {

- write!(f, "invalid chunk {name} annotation '{value}'")

- }

- Self::EmptyImageFile(path) => write!(f, "{} is empty", path.display()),

- Self::InvalidStoragePath { kind, value } => {

- write!(f, "invalid {kind} '{value}'")

- }

- }

- }

-}

-

-impl std::error::Error for Error {

- fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {

- match self {

- Self::Io(error) => Some(error),

- Self::Json(error) => Some(error),

- Self::InvalidImage(error) => Some(error),

- Self::InvalidReference { source, .. } => Some(source),

- Self::Registry(error) => Some(error),

- Self::Task(error) => Some(error),

- Self::InvalidImagePath(_)

- | Self::MissingConfig(_)

- | Self::ImageNotFound(_)

- | Self::MissingManifest

- | Self::InvalidLayer(_)

- | Self::InvalidAnnotation { .. }

- | Self::EmptyImageFile(_)

- | Self::InvalidStoragePath { .. } => None,

- }

- }

-}

-

-impl From<std::io::Error> for Error {

- fn from(error: std::io::Error) -> Self {

- Self::Io(error)

- }

-}

-

-impl From<serde_json::Error> for Error {

- fn from(error: serde_json::Error) -> Self {

- Self::Json(error)

- }

-}

-

-impl From<hule_hmi::ParseError> for Error {

- fn from(error: hule_hmi::ParseError) -> Self {

- Self::InvalidImage(error)

- }

-}

-

-impl From<OciDistributionError> for Error {

- fn from(error: OciDistributionError) -> Self {

- Self::Registry(error)

- }

-}

-

-impl From<tokio::task::JoinError> for Error {

- fn from(error: tokio::task::JoinError) -> Self {

- Self::Task(error)

- }

-}

-

-pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-//! OCI image storage and registry operations for Hule machine images.

-

-mod error;

-mod storage;

-

-use hule_hmi::MachineImage;

-use oci_client::annotations::{ORG_OPENCONTAINERS_IMAGE_REF_NAME, ORG_OPENCONTAINERS_IMAGE_TITLE};

-use oci_client::client::{ClientConfig, ClientProtocol, Config, ImageLayer};

-use oci_client::manifest::{

- ImageIndexEntry, OCI_IMAGE_MEDIA_TYPE, OciDescriptor, OciImageIndex, OciImageManifest,

-};

-use oci_client::secrets::RegistryAuth;

-use oci_client::{Client, Reference};

-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};

-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

-use tokio::fs::{self, File};

-use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;

-use tokio::task;

-

-pub use error::{Error, Result};

-pub use storage::Storage;

-

-type R<T> = Result<T>;

-

-// ---- local OCI-layout store -------------------------------------------

-

-const CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 256 * 1024 * 1024;

-const HULE_CHUNK_MEDIA_TYPE: &str = "application/vnd.hule.disk.chunk.v1";

-const HULE_CONFIG_MEDIA_TYPE: &str = "application/vnd.hule.machine.config.v1+json";

-const ANNOTATION_CHUNK_OFFSET: &str = "io.hule.chunk.offset";

-const ANNOTATION_CHUNK_LENGTH: &str = "io.hule.chunk.length";

-

-fn index_lookup(index: &OciImageIndex, reference: &str) -> Option<String> {

- index

- .manifests

- .iter()

- .find(|m| {

- m.annotations

- .as_ref()

- .and_then(|a| a.get(ORG_OPENCONTAINERS_IMAGE_REF_NAME))

- .map(String::as_str)

- == Some(reference)

- })

- .map(|m| m.digest.clone())

-}

-

-fn index_set(index: &mut OciImageIndex, reference: &str, digest: &str, size: u64) {

- index.manifests.retain(|m| {

- m.annotations

- .as_ref()

- .and_then(|a| a.get(ORG_OPENCONTAINERS_IMAGE_REF_NAME))

- .map(String::as_str)

- != Some(reference)

- });

- let mut annotations = BTreeMap::new();

- annotations.insert(

- ORG_OPENCONTAINERS_IMAGE_REF_NAME.to_string(),

- reference.to_string(),

- );

- index.manifests.push(ImageIndexEntry {

- media_type: OCI_IMAGE_MEDIA_TYPE.to_string(),

- digest: digest.to_string(),

- size: size as i64,

- platform: None,

- annotations: Some(annotations),

- artifact_type: None,

- });

-}

-

-/// Manages Hule images backed by a [`Storage`].

-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]

-pub struct ImageManager {

- storage: Storage,

-}

-

-impl ImageManager {

- pub fn new(storage: Storage) -> Self {

- Self { storage }

- }

-

- pub fn storage(&self) -> &Storage {

- &self.storage

- }

-

- /// Splits `path` into fixed-size chunks, compresses each independently

- /// and writes each as its own blob.

- async fn write_file_chunks(&self, path: &Path) -> R<Vec<OciDescriptor>> {

- let title = path

- .file_name()

- .ok_or_else(|| Error::InvalidImagePath(path.to_path_buf()))?

- .to_string_lossy()

- .to_string();

- let mut file = File::open(path).await?;

- let mut descriptors = Vec::new();

- let mut offset: u64 = 0;

- loop {

- let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(CHUNK_SIZE);

- (&mut file)

- .take(CHUNK_SIZE as u64)

- .read_to_end(&mut buf)

- .await?;

- if buf.is_empty() {

- break;

- }

- let length = buf.len() as u64;

- let compressed =

- task::spawn_blocking(move || zstd::stream::encode_all(&buf[..], 0)).await??;

- let compressed_len = compressed.len();

- let (digest, _) = self.storage.write_blob(compressed).await?;

-

- let mut annotations = BTreeMap::new();

- annotations.insert(ORG_OPENCONTAINERS_IMAGE_TITLE.to_string(), title.clone());

- annotations.insert(ANNOTATION_CHUNK_OFFSET.to_string(), offset.to_string());

- annotations.insert(ANNOTATION_CHUNK_LENGTH.to_string(), length.to_string());

-

- descriptors.push(OciDescriptor {

- media_type: HULE_CHUNK_MEDIA_TYPE.to_string(),

- digest,

- size: compressed_len as i64,

- urls: None,

- annotations: Some(annotations),

- artifact_type: None,

- });

-

- offset += length;

- if length < CHUNK_SIZE as u64 {

- break;

- }

- }

- if descriptors.is_empty() {

- return Err(Error::EmptyImageFile(path.to_path_buf()));

- }

- Ok(descriptors)

- }

-}

-

-fn make_client(reference: &Reference) -> Client {

- let registry = reference.resolve_registry();

- let host = registry.split(':').next().unwrap_or(registry);

- let protocol = if host == "localhost" || host == "127.0.0.1" {

- ClientProtocol::Http

- } else {

- ClientProtocol::Https

- };

- Client::new(ClientConfig {

- protocol,

- ..Default::default()

- })

-}

-

-fn parse_reference(s: &str) -> R<Reference> {

- s.parse().map_err(|source| Error::InvalidReference {

- reference: s.to_string(),

- source,

- })

-}

-

-// ---- image operations -------------------------------------------------

-

-impl ImageManager {

- /// Loads a prepared HMI image directory and optionally tags it.

- pub async fn load(&self, path: &Path, reference: Option<&str>) -> R<String> {

- let config_path = path.join("config.json");

- match fs::metadata(&config_path).await {

- Ok(metadata) if metadata.is_file() => {}

- Ok(_) => return Err(Error::MissingConfig(path.to_path_buf())),

- Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {

- return Err(Error::MissingConfig(path.to_path_buf()));

- }

- Err(error) => return Err(error.into()),

- }

- let config_bytes = fs::read(&config_path).await?;

- MachineImage::from_json(&config_bytes)?;

-

- let mut dir = fs::read_dir(path).await?;

- let mut entries = Vec::new();

- while let Some(entry) = dir.next_entry().await? {

- entries.push(entry);

- }

- entries.sort_by_key(|entry| entry.file_name());

-

- let mut layers = Vec::new();

- let mut sources: Vec<(String, PathBuf)> = Vec::new();

- for entry in entries {

- if !entry.file_type().await?.is_file() {

- continue;

- }

- let name = entry.file_name().to_string_lossy().to_string();

- if name == "config.json" {

- continue;

- }

- let file_path = entry.path();

- layers.extend(self.write_file_chunks(&file_path).await?);

- sources.push((name, file_path));

- }

-

- let config_size = config_bytes.len();

- let (config_digest, _) = self.storage.write_blob(config_bytes).await?;

- let config = OciDescriptor {

- media_type: HULE_CONFIG_MEDIA_TYPE.to_string(),

- digest: config_digest,

- size: config_size as i64,

- urls: None,

- annotations: None,

- artifact_type: None,

- };

-

- let manifest = OciImageManifest {

- schema_version: 2,

- media_type: Some(OCI_IMAGE_MEDIA_TYPE.to_string()),

- config,

- layers,

- subject: None,

- artifact_type: None,

- annotations: None,

- };

- let manifest_bytes = serde_json::to_vec(&manifest)?;

- let manifest_size = manifest_bytes.len();

- let (manifest_digest, _) = self.storage.write_blob(manifest_bytes).await?;

-

- self.storage.ensure_hmi_image(&manifest_digest).await?;

- for (title, source) in &sources {

- self.storage

- .cache_hmi_file(&manifest_digest, title, source)

- .await?;

- }

-

- if let Some(reference) = reference {

- let mut index = self.storage.read_index().await?;

- index_set(

- &mut index,

- reference,

- &manifest_digest,

- manifest_size as u64,

- );

- self.storage.write_index(&index).await?;

- }

- Ok(manifest_digest)

- }

-

- /// Pushes a locally tagged image to its registry reference.

- pub async fn push(&self, reference_str: &str) -> R<()> {

- let index = self.storage.read_index().await?;

- let manifest_digest = index_lookup(&index, reference_str)

- .ok_or_else(|| Error::ImageNotFound(reference_str.to_string()))?;

- let manifest_bytes = self.storage.read_blob(&manifest_digest).await?;

- let manifest: OciImageManifest = serde_json::from_slice(&manifest_bytes)?;

-

- let reference = parse_reference(reference_str)?;

- let client = make_client(&reference);

- let auth = RegistryAuth::Anonymous;

-

- let mut layers = Vec::new();

- for descriptor in &manifest.layers {

- let data = self.storage.read_blob(&descriptor.digest).await?;

- layers.push(ImageLayer::new(

- data,

- descriptor.media_type.clone(),

- descriptor.annotations.clone(),

- ));

- }

- let config_bytes = self.storage.read_blob(&manifest.config.digest).await?;

- let config = Config::new(

- config_bytes,

- manifest.config.media_type.clone(),

- manifest.config.annotations.clone(),

- );

-

- client

- .push(&reference, &layers, config, &auth, Some(manifest))

- .await?;

-

- Ok(())

- }

-

- /// Pulls an image into the OCI layout and materializes it in the HMI store.

- pub async fn pull(&self, reference_str: &str) -> R<String> {

- let reference = parse_reference(reference_str)?;

- let client = make_client(&reference);

- let auth = RegistryAuth::Anonymous;

-

- let mut image_data = client

- .pull(&reference, &auth, vec![HULE_CHUNK_MEDIA_TYPE])

- .await?;

- let manifest = image_data.manifest.ok_or(Error::MissingManifest)?;

-

- // `client.pull()` fetches layers via `buffer_unordered`, so `image_data.layers` is

- // in completion order, not manifest order. Each layer carries its own annotations.

- for layer in &mut image_data.layers {

- let data = std::mem::take(&mut layer.data);

- let (_, data) = self.storage.write_blob(data).await?;

- layer.data = data;

- }

- let config_data = std::mem::take(&mut image_data.config.data);

- let (_, config_data) = self.storage.write_blob(config_data).await?;

- image_data.config.data = config_data;

-

- let manifest_bytes = serde_json::to_vec(&manifest)?;

- let manifest_size = manifest_bytes.len();

- let (manifest_digest, _) = self.storage.write_blob(manifest_bytes).await?;

- self.storage.ensure_hmi_image(&manifest_digest).await?;

-

- let mut by_title: BTreeMap<String, Vec<(u64, ImageLayer)>> = BTreeMap::new();

- for layer in image_data.layers {

- let annotations = layer

- .annotations

- .as_ref()

- .ok_or(Error::InvalidLayer("missing annotations"))?;

- let title = annotations

- .get(ORG_OPENCONTAINERS_IMAGE_TITLE)

- .ok_or(Error::InvalidLayer("missing title annotation"))?;

- let offset_value = annotations

- .get(ANNOTATION_CHUNK_OFFSET)

- .ok_or(Error::InvalidLayer("missing offset annotation"))?;

- let offset: u64 = offset_value.parse().map_err(|_| Error::InvalidAnnotation {

- name: "offset",

- value: offset_value.clone(),

- })?;

- by_title

- .entry(title.clone())

- .or_default()

- .push((offset, layer));

- }

-

- for (title, chunks) in by_title {

- let mut decompressed_chunks = Vec::with_capacity(chunks.len());

- for (offset, layer) in chunks {

- let data = task::spawn_blocking(move || zstd::stream::decode_all(&layer.data[..]))

- .await??;

- decompressed_chunks.push((offset, data));

- }

- self.storage

- .write_hmi_file(&manifest_digest, &title, decompressed_chunks)

- .await?;

- }

-

- let mut index = self.storage.read_index().await?;

- index_set(

- &mut index,

- reference_str,

- &manifest_digest,

- manifest_size as u64,

- );

- self.storage.write_index(&index).await?;

-

- Ok(manifest_digest)

- }

-

- /// Returns whether a reference is present in the local OCI layout.

- pub async fn contains(&self, reference_str: &str) -> R<bool> {

- Ok(index_lookup(&self.storage.read_index().await?, reference_str).is_some())

- }

-

- /// Materializes a locally tagged image into `destination` and returns config.json.

- pub async fn materialize(&self, reference_str: &str, destination: &Path) -> R<Vec<u8>> {

- let manifest_digest = index_lookup(&self.storage.read_index().await?, reference_str)

- .ok_or_else(|| Error::ImageNotFound(reference_str.to_string()))?;

-

- let manifest_bytes = self.storage.read_blob(&manifest_digest).await?;

- let manifest: OciImageManifest = serde_json::from_slice(&manifest_bytes)?;

- let config_bytes = self.storage.read_blob(&manifest.config.digest).await?;

-

- fs::create_dir_all(destination).await?;

- fs::write(destination.join("config.json"), &config_bytes).await?;

-

- let mut titles: BTreeSet<String> = BTreeSet::new();

- for descriptor in &manifest.layers {

- if let Some(title) = descriptor

- .annotations

- .as_ref()

- .and_then(|annotations| annotations.get(ORG_OPENCONTAINERS_IMAGE_TITLE))

- {

- titles.insert(title.clone());

- }

- }

- for title in titles {

- self.storage

- .export_hmi_file(&manifest_digest, &title, &destination.join(&title))

- .await?;

- }

-

- Ok(config_bytes)

- }

-}

-

-#[cfg(test)]

-mod tests {

- use super::*;

- use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};

-

- const TEST_CONFIG: &[u8] = br#"{

- "schemaVersion": 1,

- "kind": "MachineImage",

- "system": {

- "os": "linux",

- "name": "test",

- "version": "1",

- "architecture": "amd64"

- },

- "machine": {

- "cpu": { "minimum": 1, "default": 1 },

- "ram": { "minimum": 268435456, "default": 268435456 },

- "boot": [{ "protocol": "firmware-disk/bios", "disk": "root" }],

- "access": [{

- "type": "ssh",

- "port": 22,

- "user": "root",

- "auth": "empty-password"

- }],

- "network": { "mode": "dhcp" }

- },

- "disks": [{

- "id": "root",

- "format": "qcow2",

- "path": "root.hmi",

- "digest": "sha256:372409142c91c51316a7ab2b055596e145de56d99aa0f5eb110068876cef0be4",

- "virtSize": 14,

- "diskSize": 14

- }]

- }"#;

-

- fn temporary_directory() -> PathBuf {

- static NEXT_ID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);

- std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(

- "hule-oci-test-{}-{}",

- std::process::id(),

- NEXT_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)

- ))

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn manager_uses_separate_oci_and_hmi_roots() {

- tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()

- .build()

- .unwrap()

- .block_on(async {

- let root = temporary_directory();

- let source = root.join("source");

- let oci_root = root.join("oci");

- let hmi_root = root.join("hmi");

- let destination = root.join("destination");

- fs::create_dir_all(&source).await.unwrap();

- fs::write(source.join("config.json"), TEST_CONFIG)

- .await

- .unwrap();

- fs::write(source.join("root.hmi"), b"test hmi image")

- .await

- .unwrap();

-

- let storage = Storage::open(&oci_root, &hmi_root).await.unwrap();

- let images = ImageManager::new(storage);

- let reference = "example.test/hule:tokio";

- let digest = images.load(&source, Some(reference)).await.unwrap();

-

- assert!(images.contains(reference).await.unwrap());

- assert!(fs::try_exists(oci_root.join("index.json")).await.unwrap());

- assert!(

- fs::try_exists(

- hmi_root

- .join(digest.strip_prefix("sha256:").unwrap_or(&digest))

- .join("root.hmi")

- )

- .await

- .unwrap()

- );

-

- let config = images.materialize(reference, &destination).await.unwrap();

- assert!(!config.is_empty());

- assert_eq!(

- fs::read(destination.join("root.hmi")).await.unwrap(),

- b"test hmi image"

- );

-

- assert!(matches!(images.contains("missing").await, Ok(false)));

- assert!(matches!(

- images.materialize("missing", &destination).await,

- Err(Error::ImageNotFound(reference)) if reference == "missing"

- ));

-

- fs::remove_dir_all(root).await.unwrap();

- });

- }

-}

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-use crate::{Error, Result};

-use oci_client::manifest::OciImageIndex;

-use std::io::SeekFrom;

-use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};

-use tokio::fs::{self, File};

-use tokio::io::{AsyncSeekExt, AsyncWriteExt};

-use tokio::task;

-

-/// Filesystem storage for OCI content and materialized HMI images.

-///

-/// The roots are independent so callers can place content-addressed OCI data

-/// and large materialized disks on different filesystems.

-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]

-pub struct Storage {

- oci_root: PathBuf,

- hmi_root: PathBuf,

-}

-

-impl Storage {

- /// Opens the storage and creates its filesystem layout when necessary.

- pub async fn open(oci_root: impl Into<PathBuf>, hmi_root: impl Into<PathBuf>) -> Result<Self> {

- let storage = Self {

- oci_root: oci_root.into(),

- hmi_root: hmi_root.into(),

- };

-

- fs::create_dir_all(&storage.hmi_root).await?;

- fs::create_dir_all(storage.blobs_dir()).await?;

-

- let layout = storage.oci_root.join("oci-layout");

- if !fs::try_exists(&layout).await? {

- fs::write(&layout, br#"{"imageLayoutVersion":"1.0.0"}"#).await?;

- }

-

- Ok(storage)

- }

-

- pub fn oci_root(&self) -> &Path {

- &self.oci_root

- }

-

- pub fn hmi_root(&self) -> &Path {

- &self.hmi_root

- }

-

- fn blobs_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {

- self.oci_root.join("blobs").join("sha256")

- }

-

- fn index_path(&self) -> PathBuf {

- self.oci_root.join("index.json")

- }

-

- fn hmi_image_dir(&self, manifest_digest: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {

- let digest = safe_component(strip_sha256(manifest_digest), "manifest digest")?;

- Ok(self.hmi_root.join(digest))

- }

-

- fn hmi_file_path(&self, manifest_digest: &str, title: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {

- let title = safe_component(title, "image file name")?;

- Ok(self.hmi_image_dir(manifest_digest)?.join(title))

- }

-

- fn blob_path(&self, digest: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {

- let digest = safe_component(strip_sha256(digest), "blob digest")?;

- Ok(self.blobs_dir().join(digest))

- }

-

- pub(crate) async fn read_blob(&self, digest: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {

- Ok(fs::read(self.blob_path(digest)?).await?)

- }

-

- /// Writes raw bytes as a content-addressed blob, no-op if already present.

- pub(crate) async fn write_blob<T>(&self, data: T) -> Result<(String, T)>

- where

- T: AsRef<[u8]> + Send + Sync + 'static,

- {

- let (digest, data) =

- task::spawn_blocking(move || (sha256_hex(data.as_ref()), data)).await?;

- let path = self.blob_path(&digest)?;

- if !fs::try_exists(&path).await? {

- let tmp = path.with_extension("tmp");

- fs::write(&tmp, data.as_ref()).await?;

- fs::rename(&tmp, &path).await?;

- }

- Ok((digest, data))

- }

-

- pub(crate) async fn read_index(&self) -> Result<OciImageIndex> {

- let path = self.index_path();

- if !fs::try_exists(&path).await? {

- return Ok(OciImageIndex {

- schema_version: 2,

- media_type: None,

- manifests: vec![],

- artifact_type: None,

- annotations: None,

- });

- }

- let data = fs::read(&path).await?;

- Ok(serde_json::from_slice(&data)?)

- }

-

- pub(crate) async fn write_index(&self, index: &OciImageIndex) -> Result<()> {

- let data = serde_json::to_vec_pretty(index)?;

- fs::write(self.index_path(), data).await?;

- Ok(())

- }

-

- pub(crate) async fn ensure_hmi_image(&self, manifest_digest: &str) -> Result<()> {

- fs::create_dir_all(self.hmi_image_dir(manifest_digest)?).await?;

- Ok(())

- }

-

- pub(crate) async fn cache_hmi_file(

- &self,

- manifest_digest: &str,

- title: &str,

- source: &Path,

- ) -> Result<()> {

- let destination = self.hmi_file_path(manifest_digest, title)?;

- if !fs::try_exists(&destination).await? {

- Self::hardlink_or_copy(source, &destination).await?;

- }

- Ok(())

- }

-

- pub(crate) async fn write_hmi_file(

- &self,

- manifest_digest: &str,

- title: &str,

- mut chunks: Vec<(u64, Vec<u8>)>,

- ) -> Result<()> {

- chunks.sort_by_key(|(offset, _)| *offset);

- let mut file = File::create(self.hmi_file_path(manifest_digest, title)?).await?;

- for (offset, data) in chunks {

- file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset)).await?;

- file.write_all(&data).await?;

- }

- file.flush().await?;

- Ok(())

- }

-

- pub(crate) async fn export_hmi_file(

- &self,

- manifest_digest: &str,

- title: &str,

- destination: &Path,

- ) -> Result<()> {

- let source = self.hmi_file_path(manifest_digest, title)?;

- if !fs::try_exists(destination).await? {

- Self::hardlink_or_copy(&source, destination).await?;

- }

- Ok(())

- }

-

- async fn hardlink_or_copy(source: &Path, destination: &Path) -> Result<()> {

- if fs::hard_link(source, destination).await.is_err() {

- fs::copy(source, destination).await?;

- }

- Ok(())

- }

-}

-

-fn safe_component<'a>(value: &'a str, kind: &'static str) -> Result<&'a str> {

- let mut components = Path::new(value).components();

- match (components.next(), components.next()) {

- (Some(Component::Normal(_)), None) => Ok(value),

- _ => Err(Error::InvalidStoragePath {

- kind,

- value: value.to_string(),

- }),

- }

-}

-

-fn strip_sha256(digest: &str) -> &str {

- digest.strip_prefix("sha256:").unwrap_or(digest)

-}

-

-fn sha256_hex(data: &[u8]) -> String {

- use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};

- let mut hasher = Sha256::new();

- hasher.update(data);

- format!("sha256:{:x}", hasher.finalize())

-}

-

-#[cfg(test)]

-mod tests {

- use super::*;

-

- #[test]

- fn paths_cannot_escape_storage_roots() {

- let storage = Storage {

- oci_root: "oci".into(),

- hmi_root: "hmi".into(),

- };

- assert!(matches!(

- storage.blob_path("sha256:../../outside"),

- Err(Error::InvalidStoragePath { .. })

- ));

- assert!(matches!(

- storage.hmi_image_dir("sha256:../outside"),

- Err(Error::InvalidStoragePath { .. })

- ));

- assert!(matches!(

- storage.hmi_file_path("sha256:digest", "../outside"),

- Err(Error::InvalidStoragePath { .. })

- ));

- }

-}

-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-hule-hmi.workspace = true

-uuid = { version = "1", features = ["v7"] }

-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["process", "fs", "io-util", "sync", "net", "time"] }

-async-trait = "0.1"

-serde.workspace = true

-serde_json.workspace = true

-base64 = "0.22"

-

-[dev-dependencies]

-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["macros", "rt-multi-thread"] }

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-pub mod qemu;

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-//! Typed wrapper over the `qemu-system-*` command line. One qemu concept

-//! per type/field; knows nothing about Hule's image/machine model.

-

-use std::path::PathBuf;

-

-/// One of the architectures qemu ships a `qemu-system-*` binary for.

-/// Distinct from `hule_hmi::Architecture`: this is qemu's own set of

-/// per-arch conventions (binary name, machine type, TCG cpu model), not

-/// Hule's.

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]

-pub enum Arch {

- Amd64,

- Arm64,

- Loong64,

- Ppc64le,

- Riscv64,

- S390x,

-}

-

-impl Arch {

- /// The `qemu-system-*` binary for this target.

- pub fn binary(&self) -> String {

- let suffix = match self {

- Self::Amd64 => "x86_64",

- Self::Arm64 => "aarch64",

- Self::Loong64 => "loongarch64",

- Self::Ppc64le => "ppc64le",

- Self::Riscv64 => "riscv64",

- Self::S390x => "s390x",

- };

- format!("qemu-system-{suffix}")

- }

-

- /// `-machine`/`-M` value this arch needs, if any (the default machine

- /// type is fine for the others).

- pub fn machine_type(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {

- match self {

- Self::Arm64 | Self::Riscv64 => Some("virt"),

- Self::Ppc64le => Some("pseries"),

- _ => None,

- }

- }

-

- /// `-cpu` model to emulate when KVM isn't usable.

- pub fn tcg_cpu_model(&self) -> &'static str {

- match self {

- Self::Amd64 => "qemu64",

- Self::Arm64 => "cortex-a53",

- Self::Loong64 => "la464",

- Self::Ppc64le => "power9",

- Self::Riscv64 => "rv64",

- Self::S390x => "max",

- }

- }

-}

-

-pub enum Accel {

- Tcg,

- Kvm,

-}

-

-pub enum NetBackend {

- Nic { model: String },

- User { hostfwd: Vec<(u16, u16)> },

-}

-

-impl NetBackend {

- fn to_arg(&self) -> String {

- match self {

- Self::Nic { model } => format!("nic,model={model}"),

- Self::User { hostfwd } => {

- let mut s = String::from("user");

- for (host, guest) in hostfwd {

- s.push_str(&format!(",hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:{host}-:{guest}"));

- }

- s

- }

- }

- }

-}

-

-pub enum DriveInterface {

- /// `if=virtio`: the disk is a bootable device in its own right.

- Virtio,

- /// `if=none,id=<id>`: unattached, paired with a `Device::VirtioBlkPci`.

- None { id: String },

-}

-

-pub struct Drive {

- pub file: PathBuf,

- /// `snapshot=on`: writes go to a throwaway overlay, never to `file`.

- pub snapshot: bool,

- pub interface: DriveInterface,

-}

-

-impl Drive {

- fn to_arg(&self) -> String {

- let mut s = format!("file={},media=disk", self.file.display());

- if self.snapshot {

- s.push_str(",snapshot=on");

- }

- match &self.interface {

- DriveInterface::Virtio => s.push_str(",if=virtio"),

- DriveInterface::None { id } => s.push_str(&format!(",id={id},if=none")),

- }

- s

- }

-}

-

-pub enum Device {

- VirtioBlkPci { drive: String },

- VirtioRngPci,

- VirtioBalloon,

- VirtioSerialPci,

- VirtSerialPort { chardev: String, name: String },

-}

-

-impl Device {

- fn to_arg(&self) -> String {

- match self {

- Self::VirtioBlkPci { drive } => format!("virtio-blk-pci,drive={drive}"),

- Self::VirtioRngPci => "virtio-rng-pci".into(),

- Self::VirtioBalloon => "virtio-balloon".into(),

- Self::VirtioSerialPci => "virtio-serial-pci".into(),

- Self::VirtSerialPort { chardev, name } => {

- format!("virtserialport,chardev={chardev},name={name}")

- }

- }

- }

-}

-

-/// One `qemu-system-*` invocation. `to_argv()` is pure -- no process/IO --

-/// so it's testable without spawning anything.

-#[derive(Default)]

-pub struct Command {

- pub binary: String,

- /// `-machine`/`-M`; qemu treats them as synonyms, so only one field.

- pub machine: Option<String>,

- pub cpu: Option<String>,

- pub accel: Option<Accel>,

- pub memory_mib: u64,

- pub smp: u32,

- pub display_none: bool,

- pub nets: Vec<NetBackend>,

- pub drives: Vec<Drive>,

- pub devices: Vec<Device>,

- pub kernel: Option<PathBuf>,

- pub initrd: Option<PathBuf>,

- pub append: Option<String>,

- /// `-pidfile`: qemu writes its own pid here. The only reliable way to

- /// signal/check it later from a process that isn't its parent.

- pub pidfile: Option<PathBuf>,

- /// `-qmp tcp:127.0.0.1:<port>,server=on,wait=off`: the control channel.

- /// TCP loopback, not a unix socket -- the latter doesn't exist on

- /// Windows at all (`tokio::net::UnixStream` is unix-only), and this way

- /// there's nothing to `#[cfg]` on the transport.

- pub qmp_port: Option<u16>,

- /// Host side of the qemu-guest-agent virtio-serial channel.

- pub qga_port: Option<u16>,

- /// Interactive guest serial console and its persistent output log.

- pub console: Option<(u16, PathBuf)>,

-}

-

-impl Command {

- pub fn to_argv(&self) -> Vec<String> {

- let mut argv = vec![self.binary.clone()];

- if let Some(machine) = &self.machine {

- argv.extend(["-machine".into(), machine.clone()]);

- }

- if let Some(cpu) = &self.cpu {

- argv.extend(["-cpu".into(), cpu.clone()]);

- }

- if matches!(self.accel, Some(Accel::Kvm)) {

- argv.push("-enable-kvm".into());

- }

- argv.extend(["-m".into(), self.memory_mib.to_string()]);

- argv.extend(["-smp".into(), format!("cpus={}", self.smp)]);

- for net in &self.nets {

- argv.extend(["-net".into(), net.to_arg()]);

- }

- for drive in &self.drives {

- argv.extend(["-drive".into(), drive.to_arg()]);

- }

- for device in &self.devices {

- argv.extend(["-device".into(), device.to_arg()]);

- }

- if self.display_none {

- argv.extend(["-display".into(), "none".into()]);

- }

- if let Some(kernel) = &self.kernel {

- argv.extend(["-kernel".into(), kernel.display().to_string()]);

- }

- if let Some(initrd) = &self.initrd {

- argv.extend(["-initrd".into(), initrd.display().to_string()]);

- }

- if let Some(append) = &self.append {

- argv.extend(["-append".into(), append.clone()]);

- }

- if let Some(pidfile) = &self.pidfile {

- argv.extend(["-pidfile".into(), pidfile.display().to_string()]);

- }

- if let Some(port) = self.qmp_port {

- argv.extend([

- "-qmp".into(),

- format!("tcp:127.0.0.1:{port},server=on,wait=off"),

- ]);

- }

- if let Some(port) = self.qga_port {

- argv.extend([

- "-chardev".into(),

- format!("socket,id=qga0,host=127.0.0.1,port={port},server=on,wait=off"),

- "-device".into(),

- Device::VirtioSerialPci.to_arg(),

- "-device".into(),

- Device::VirtSerialPort {

- chardev: "qga0".into(),

- name: "org.qemu.guest_agent.0".into(),

- }

- .to_arg(),

- ]);

- }

- if let Some((port, logfile)) = &self.console {

- argv.extend([

- "-chardev".into(),

- format!(

- "socket,id=console0,host=127.0.0.1,port={port},server=on,wait=off,logfile={},logappend=off",

- logfile.display()

- ),

- "-serial".into(),

- "chardev:console0".into(),

- ]);

- }

- argv

- }

-}

-

-/// Whether `/dev/kvm` is actually usable, not just present -- the node can

-/// exist but be unopenable (e.g. group `kvm` without membership), which

-/// qemu only reports once it's already mid-boot.

-pub async fn kvm_available() -> bool {

- tokio::fs::OpenOptions::new()

- .read(true)

- .write(true)

- .open("/dev/kvm")

- .await

- .is_ok()

-}

-

-#[cfg(test)]

-mod tests {

- use super::*;

-

- #[test]

- fn renders_flags_in_a_stable_order() {

- let cmd = Command {

- binary: "qemu-system-x86_64".into(),

- cpu: Some("qemu64".into()),

- memory_mib: 1024,

- smp: 2,

- display_none: true,

- nets: vec![

- NetBackend::Nic {

- model: "virtio".into(),

- },

- NetBackend::User {

- hostfwd: vec![(8022, 22)],

- },

- ],

- drives: vec![Drive {

- file: "root.hmi".into(),

- snapshot: true,

- interface: DriveInterface::Virtio,

- }],

- devices: vec![Device::VirtioRngPci],

- ..Default::default()

- };

- assert_eq!(

- cmd.to_argv(),

- vec![

- "qemu-system-x86_64",

- "-cpu",

- "qemu64",

- "-m",

- "1024",

- "-smp",

- "cpus=2",

- "-net",

- "nic,model=virtio",

- "-net",

- "user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:8022-:22",

- "-drive",

- "file=root.hmi,media=disk,snapshot=on,if=virtio",

- "-device",

- "virtio-rng-pci",

- "-display",

- "none",

- ]

- );

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn kvm_accel_adds_enable_kvm_flag() {

- let cmd = Command {

- binary: "qemu-system-x86_64".into(),

- cpu: Some("host".into()),

- accel: Some(Accel::Kvm),

- ..Default::default()

- };

- assert!(cmd.to_argv().contains(&"-enable-kvm".to_string()));

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn detached_drive_pairs_with_a_virtio_blk_device() {

- let cmd = Command {

- binary: "qemu-system-x86_64".into(),

- drives: vec![Drive {

- file: "root.hmi".into(),

- snapshot: true,

- interface: DriveInterface::None { id: "root".into() },

- }],

- devices: vec![Device::VirtioBlkPci {

- drive: "root".into(),

- }],

- kernel: Some("vmlinuz".into()),

- initrd: Some("initrd.img".into()),

- append: Some("console=ttyS0".into()),

- ..Default::default()

- };

- let argv = cmd.to_argv();

- assert!(argv.windows(2).any(|w| w == ["-kernel", "vmlinuz"]));

- assert!(argv.windows(2).any(|w| w == ["-initrd", "initrd.img"]));

- assert!(argv.windows(2).any(|w| w == ["-append", "console=ttyS0"]));

- assert!(argv.windows(2).any(|w| w

- == [

- "-drive",

- "file=root.hmi,media=disk,snapshot=on,id=root,if=none"

- ]));

- assert!(

- argv.windows(2)

- .any(|w| w == ["-device", "virtio-blk-pci,drive=root"])

- );

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn qga_uses_a_dedicated_virtio_serial_channel() {

- let argv = Command {

- binary: "qemu-system-x86_64".into(),

- qga_port: Some(1234),

- ..Default::default()

- }

- .to_argv();

- assert!(argv.windows(2).any(|w| {

- w == [

- "-chardev",

- "socket,id=qga0,host=127.0.0.1,port=1234,server=on,wait=off",

- ]

- }));

- assert!(argv.windows(2).any(|w| {

- w == [

- "-device",

- "virtserialport,chardev=qga0,name=org.qemu.guest_agent.0",

- ]

- }));

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn serial_console_has_an_attach_socket_and_log() {

- let argv = Command {

- binary: "qemu-system-x86_64".into(),

- console: Some((4321, "console.log".into())),

- ..Default::default()

- }

- .to_argv();

- assert!(argv.windows(2).any(|w| {

- w == [

- "-chardev",

- "socket,id=console0,host=127.0.0.1,port=4321,server=on,wait=off,logfile=console.log,logappend=off",

- ]

- }));

- assert!(

- argv.windows(2)

- .any(|w| w == ["-serial", "chardev:console0"])

- );

- }

-}

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-//! QMP is an unconditional implementation detail of this backend. Guest

-//! access is independent: an image may be a black box, or may promise QGA;

-//! a promised QGA channel must become ready for `start()` to succeed.

-//!

-//! `logs`/`attach` use a dedicated serial console; `exec` uses QGA.

-//! Console resizing and `reattach` are not implemented yet.

-//!

-//! `cli` is the typed qemu CLI wrapper; `supervise` gets an exit code out of

-//! a process even if we stop being its parent; this module only translates

-//! Hule's image/machine types into both.

-

-mod cli;

-mod qga;

-mod qmp;

-mod supervise;

-

-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

-use std::process::{ExitStatus, Output};

-use std::time::Duration;

-

-use async_trait::async_trait;

-use hule_hmi::{Access, Architecture, Boot, BootLinux, Disk, MachineImage};

-use tokio::process::Child;

-use tokio::sync::Mutex;

-

-use crate::{

- Console, Error, Hypervisor, HypervisorId, Machine, MachineId, R, Settings, State, Stats,

-};

-

-const QEMU_HYPERVISOR_ID: HypervisorId = HypervisorId(1);

-

-enum QemuBoot {

- // No BootBios fields are needed here: `disk` is already resolved into

- // `QemuMachine::disk`, and `protocol` isn't used past `supports()`.

- Bios,

- Linux(BootLinux),

-}

-

-/// The wrapper (`sh`) process, not qemu itself -- once qemu has a pid on

-/// disk (see `QemuMachine::pid_path`), that's the source of truth for

-/// liveness/signaling, not this.

-enum ChildState {

- NotStarted,

- Running(Child),

- Exited(ExitStatus),

-}

-

-pub struct QemuMachine {

- id: MachineId,

- name: Option<String>,

- dir: PathBuf,

- arch: Architecture,

- settings: Settings,

- disk: Disk,

- boot: QemuBoot,

- qga: bool,

- child: Mutex<ChildState>,

- qga_lock: Mutex<()>,

- qmp_client: Mutex<Option<qmp::Qmp>>,

-}

-

-impl QemuMachine {

- /// Where qemu's own `-pidfile` lands. Provisional: once a persisted

- /// `run/<id>/` directory exists (separate from `dir`, the materialized

- /// image files), this moves there instead of living inside `dir`.

- fn pid_path(&self) -> PathBuf {

- self.dir.join("qemu.pid")

- }

-

- fn exit_code_path(&self) -> PathBuf {

- self.dir.join("qemu.exit-code")

- }

-

- /// Where the port `start()` picked for `-qmp tcp:127.0.0.1:<port>` is

- /// recorded -- chosen by us, not qemu, so (unlike `pid_path`) nothing

- /// needs to wait for this file; it exists before qemu is spawned.

- fn qmp_port_path(&self) -> PathBuf {

- self.dir.join("qemu.qmp-port")

- }

-

- fn qga_port_path(&self) -> PathBuf {

- self.dir.join("qemu.qga-port")

- }

-

- fn console_port_path(&self) -> PathBuf {

- self.dir.join("qemu.console-port")

- }

-

- fn console_log_path(&self) -> PathBuf {

- self.dir.join("console.log")

- }

-

- async fn read_port(&self, path: &Path, name: &str) -> R<u16> {

- let data = tokio::fs::read_to_string(path).await?;

- data.trim()

- .parse()

- .map_err(|_| Error::InvalidState(format!("invalid {name} port contents")))

- }

-

- async fn qmp_port(&self) -> R<u16> {

- self.read_port(&self.qmp_port_path(), "qmp").await

- }

-

- async fn qga_port(&self) -> R<u16> {

- self.read_port(&self.qga_port_path(), "qga").await

- }

-

- async fn console_port(&self) -> R<u16> {

- self.read_port(&self.console_port_path(), "console").await

- }

-

- /// Connects on first use (there's a short window after spawn before

- /// qemu's TCP listener is actually up, so a couple of retries) and

- /// reuses the connection after that.

- async fn qmp_client(&self) -> R<tokio::sync::MutexGuard<'_, Option<qmp::Qmp>>> {

- let mut client = self.qmp_client.lock().await;

- if client.is_none() {

- let port = self.qmp_port().await?;

- let mut connected = None;

- for _ in 0..50 {

- match qmp::Qmp::connect(port).await {

- Ok(qmp) => {

- connected = Some(qmp);

- break;

- }

- Err(_) => tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)).await,

- }

- }

- *client = Some(

- connected

- .ok_or_else(|| Error::InvalidState("qemu's qmp port never came up".into()))?,

- );

- }

- Ok(client)

- }

-

- /// Reads qemu's pid, waiting briefly for `-pidfile` to actually appear

- /// (there's a short window between spawn and qemu writing it).

- async fn qemu_pid(&self) -> R<supervise::Pid> {

- for _ in 0..50 {

- if let Ok(data) = tokio::fs::read_to_string(self.pid_path()).await

- && let Ok(pid) = data.trim().parse()

- {

- return Ok(supervise::Pid(pid));

- }

- tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)).await;

- }

- Err(Error::InvalidState(

- "qemu did not write its pidfile in time".into(),

- ))

- }

-

- async fn read_exit_code(&self) -> Option<ExitStatus> {

- let data = tokio::fs::read_to_string(self.exit_code_path())

- .await

- .ok()?;

- let code: i32 = data.trim().parse().ok()?;

- #[cfg(unix)]

- {

- use std::os::unix::process::ExitStatusExt;

- // `$?` is already qemu's plain exit code; shift it into the

- // wait()-status shape ExitStatus expects (bits 8-15 == exit

- // code, low byte 0 == not signaled). Loses signal detail, but

- // `.code()` -- all we ever read -- comes back right.

- Some(ExitStatus::from_raw(code << 8))

- }

- #[cfg(not(unix))]

- {

- None

- }

- }

-}

-

-#[async_trait]

-impl Machine for QemuMachine {

- fn id(&self) -> MachineId {

- self.id

- }

-

- fn hid(&self) -> HypervisorId {

- QEMU_HYPERVISOR_ID

- }

-

- fn name(&self) -> Option<&str> {

- self.name.as_deref()

- }

-

- fn settings(&self) -> Settings {

- self.settings.clone()

- }

-

- async fn state(&self) -> State {

- if let Some(status) = self.read_exit_code().await {

- return State::Exited(status.code().unwrap_or(-1));

- }

- let pid = match self.qemu_pid().await {

- Ok(pid) => pid,

- Err(_) => {

- return match &*self.child.lock().await {

- ChildState::NotStarted => State::Created,

- ChildState::Exited(status) => State::Exited(status.code().unwrap_or(-1)),

- ChildState::Running(_) => State::Running,

- };

- }

- };

- if !supervise::pid_alive(pid).await {

- return State::Dead;

- }

- // A live pid alone can't distinguish running from paused; ask QMP.

- if let Ok(mut client) = self.qmp_client().await

- && let Ok(qmp::Status::Paused) = client

- .as_mut()

- .expect("initialized by qmp_client")

- .status()

- .await

- {

- return State::Paused;

- }

- State::Running

- }

-

- async fn stats(&self) -> R<Stats> {

- let pid = self.qemu_pid().await?;

- let (cpu_time_ns, memory_bytes) = supervise::process_stats(pid).await?;

- Ok(Stats {

- cpu_time_ns,

- memory_bytes,

- })

- }

-

- async fn logs(&self) -> R<Vec<u8>> {

- match tokio::fs::read(self.console_log_path()).await {

- Ok(logs) => Ok(logs),

- Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(Vec::new()),

- Err(error) => Err(error.into()),

- }

- }

-

- async fn start(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- let mut child = self.child.lock().await;

- if matches!(*child, ChildState::Running(_)) {

- return Err(Error::InvalidState("already started".into()));

- }

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.pid_path()).await;

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.exit_code_path()).await;

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.qmp_port_path()).await;

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.qga_port_path()).await;

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.console_port_path()).await;

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.console_log_path()).await;

- *self.qmp_client.lock().await = None;

-

- let qmp_port = qmp::free_port().await?;

- tokio::fs::write(self.qmp_port_path(), qmp_port.to_string()).await?;

- let qga_port = if self.qga {

- let mut port = qmp::free_port().await?;

- while port == qmp_port {

- port = qmp::free_port().await?;

- }

- tokio::fs::write(self.qga_port_path(), port.to_string()).await?;

- Some(port)

- } else {

- None

- };

- let mut console_port = qmp::free_port().await?;

- while console_port == qmp_port || Some(console_port) == qga_port {

- console_port = qmp::free_port().await?;

- }

- tokio::fs::write(self.console_port_path(), console_port.to_string()).await?;

-

- let kvm = Architecture::host() == Some(self.arch) && cli::kvm_available().await;

- let sys_arch = match self.arch {

- Architecture::Amd64 => cli::Arch::Amd64,

- Architecture::Arm64 => cli::Arch::Arm64,

- Architecture::Loong64 => cli::Arch::Loong64,

- Architecture::Ppc64le => cli::Arch::Ppc64le,

- Architecture::Riscv64 => cli::Arch::Riscv64,

- Architecture::S390x => cli::Arch::S390x,

- };

- let mut cmd = cli::Command {

- binary: sys_arch.binary(),

- machine: sys_arch.machine_type().map(String::from),

- memory_mib: self.settings.ram,

- smp: self.settings.cpu,

- display_none: true,

- nets: vec![

- cli::NetBackend::Nic {

- model: "virtio".into(),

- },

- cli::NetBackend::User {

- hostfwd: self.settings.port_forwards.clone(),

- },

- ],

- devices: vec![cli::Device::VirtioRngPci, cli::Device::VirtioBalloon],

- ..Default::default()

- };

-

- if kvm {

- cmd.cpu = Some("host".into());

- cmd.accel = Some(cli::Accel::Kvm);

- } else {

- cmd.cpu = Some(sys_arch.tcg_cpu_model().into());

- cmd.accel = Some(cli::Accel::Tcg);

- }

-

- let disk_path = self.dir.join(&self.disk.path);

- match &self.boot {

- QemuBoot::Bios => {

- cmd.drives.push(cli::Drive {

- file: disk_path,

- snapshot: true,

- interface: cli::DriveInterface::Virtio,

- });

- }

- QemuBoot::Linux(linux) => {

- cmd.drives.push(cli::Drive {

- file: disk_path,

- snapshot: true,

- interface: cli::DriveInterface::None { id: "root".into() },

- });

- cmd.devices.push(cli::Device::VirtioBlkPci {

- drive: "root".into(),

- });

- cmd.kernel = Some(self.dir.join(&linux.kernel.path));

- cmd.initrd = Some(self.dir.join(&linux.initrd.path));

- cmd.append = Some(linux.cmdline.clone());

- }

- }

- cmd.pidfile = Some(self.pid_path());

- cmd.qmp_port = Some(qmp_port);

- cmd.qga_port = qga_port;

- cmd.console = Some((console_port, self.console_log_path()));

- let argv = cmd.to_argv();

-

- let wrapper = supervise::spawn(&argv, &self.exit_code_path())?;

- *child = ChildState::Running(wrapper);

- drop(child);

-

- if let Some(port) = qga_port

- && let Err(error) = qga::wait_until_ready(port, Duration::from_secs(60)).await

- {

- let _ = self.kill().await;

- return Err(error);

- }

- Ok(())

- }

-

- async fn stop(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- self.qmp_client()

- .await?

- .as_mut()

- .expect("initialized by qmp_client")

- .power_down()

- .await

- }

-

- async fn kill(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- let pid = self.qemu_pid().await?;

- supervise::kill(pid).await?;

- // Reap the wrapper so its resources are released; its own exit

- // status is uninteresting, qemu's (now on disk) is what matters.

- let mut child = self.child.lock().await;

- if let ChildState::Running(c) = &mut *child {

- let _ = c.wait().await;

- }

- if let Some(status) = self.read_exit_code().await {

- *child = ChildState::Exited(status);

- }

- Ok(())

- }

-

- async fn restart(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- self.qmp_client()

- .await?

- .as_mut()

- .expect("initialized by qmp_client")

- .reset()

- .await

- }

-

- async fn delete(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- if self.state().await == State::Running {

- self.kill().await?;

- }

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.pid_path()).await;

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.exit_code_path()).await;

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.qmp_port_path()).await;

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.qga_port_path()).await;

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.console_port_path()).await;

- let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(self.console_log_path()).await;

- Ok(())

- }

-

- async fn pause(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- self.qmp_client()

- .await?

- .as_mut()

- .expect("initialized by qmp_client")

- .pause()

- .await

- }

-

- async fn unpause(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- self.qmp_client()

- .await?

- .as_mut()

- .expect("initialized by qmp_client")

- .resume()

- .await

- }

-

- async fn update(&mut self, settings: Settings) -> R<()> {

- if settings.cpu != self.settings.cpu {

- return Err(Error::Unsupported(

- "qemu backend can't hot-change cpu count (needs maxcpus reserved at boot)".into(),

- ));

- }

- if settings.port_forwards != self.settings.port_forwards {

- return Err(Error::Unsupported(

- "qemu backend can't hot-change port forwards (fixed at boot via -net user)".into(),

- ));

- }

- if settings.ram != self.settings.ram {

- self.qmp_client()

- .await?

- .as_mut()

- .expect("initialized by qmp_client")

- .set_balloon_size(settings.ram * 1024 * 1024)

- .await?;

- }

- self.settings = settings;

- Ok(())

- }

-

- async fn rename(&mut self, name: Option<&str>) -> R<()> {

- self.name = name.map(String::from);

- Ok(())

- }

-

- async fn wait(&mut self) -> R<ExitStatus> {

- loop {

- if let Some(status) = self.read_exit_code().await {

- *self.child.lock().await = ChildState::Exited(status);

- return Ok(status);

- }

- let mut child = self.child.lock().await;

- match &mut *child {

- ChildState::Running(c) => {

- // The wrapper only exits after qemu does and the exit

- // code is flushed to disk, so looping back re-reads it.

- c.wait().await?;

- }

- ChildState::Exited(status) => return Ok(*status),

- ChildState::NotStarted => {

- return Err(Error::InvalidState("not started".into()));

- }

- }

- }

- }

-

- async fn exec(&self, cmd: &[String]) -> R<Output> {

- if !self.qga {

- return Err(Error::Unsupported(

- "this image does not declare qga access".into(),

- ));

- }

- let _guard = self.qga_lock.lock().await;

- qga::exec(self.qga_port().await?, cmd).await

- }

-

- async fn attach(&self) -> R<Box<dyn Console>> {

- let port = self.console_port().await?;

- for _ in 0..50 {

- match tokio::net::TcpStream::connect(("127.0.0.1", port)).await {

- Ok(stream) => return Ok(Box::new(stream)),

- Err(_) => tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)).await,

- }

- }

- Err(Error::InvalidState(

- "qemu serial console did not become available".into(),

- ))

- }

-}

-

-pub struct QemuHypervisor;

-

-#[async_trait]

-impl Hypervisor for QemuHypervisor {

- fn id(&self) -> HypervisorId {

- QEMU_HYPERVISOR_ID

- }

-

- fn name(&self) -> &'static str {

- "qemu"

- }

-

- fn supports(&self, boot: &Boot) -> bool {

- matches!(boot, Boot::Bios(_) | Boot::Linux(_))

- }

-

- async fn create(

- &self,

- id: MachineId,

- name: Option<&str>,

- image: &MachineImage,

- dir: &Path,

- boot: &Boot,

- settings: &Settings,

- ) -> R<Box<dyn Machine>> {

- let disk = image

- .disks

- .iter()

- .find(|d| d.id == boot.disk())

- .cloned()

- .ok_or_else(|| {

- Error::InvalidImage(format!(

- "boot entry references unknown disk '{}'",

- boot.disk()

- ))

- })?;

-

- let qemu_boot = match boot {

- Boot::Bios(_) => QemuBoot::Bios,

- Boot::Linux(b) => QemuBoot::Linux(b.clone()),

- Boot::Uefi(_) | Boot::Unknown(_) => {

- return Err(Error::Unsupported(format!(

- "qemu backend cannot boot protocol '{}'",

- boot.protocol()

- )));

- }

- };

-

- Ok(Box::new(QemuMachine {

- id,

- name: name.map(String::from),

- dir: dir.to_path_buf(),

- arch: image.system.architecture,

- settings: settings.clone(),

- disk,

- boot: qemu_boot,

- qga: image

- .machine

- .access

- .iter()

- .any(|access| matches!(access, Access::Qga { .. })),

- child: Mutex::new(ChildState::NotStarted),

- qga_lock: Mutex::new(()),

- qmp_client: Mutex::new(None),

- }))

- }

-

- async fn reattach(

- &self,

- _id: MachineId,

- _name: Option<&str>,

- _dir: &Path,

- _settings: &Settings,

- ) -> R<Box<dyn Machine>> {

- todo!("no persisted qemu run-state to reattach to yet")

- }

-}

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-//! Minimal qemu-guest-agent client over qemu's host-side chardev socket.

-

-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

-

-use base64::Engine;

-use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, BufReader};

-use tokio::net::TcpStream;

-

-use crate::{Error, R};

-

-async fn execute(

- port: u16,

- command: &str,

- arguments: Option<serde_json::Value>,

-) -> R<serde_json::Value> {

- tokio::time::timeout(

- Duration::from_secs(5),

- execute_without_timeout(port, command, arguments),

- )

- .await

- .map_err(|_| Error::InvalidState(format!("qga {command} timed out")))?

-}

-

-async fn execute_without_timeout(

- port: u16,

- command: &str,

- arguments: Option<serde_json::Value>,

-) -> R<serde_json::Value> {

- let stream = TcpStream::connect(("127.0.0.1", port)).await?;

- let mut stream = BufReader::new(stream);

- let mut request = serde_json::json!({ "execute": command });

- if let Some(arguments) = arguments {

- request["arguments"] = arguments;

- }

- stream

- .get_mut()

- .write_all(

- format!(

- "{}\n",

- serde_json::to_string(&request)

- .map_err(|error| Error::InvalidState(error.to_string()))?

- )

- .as_bytes(),

- )

- .await?;

-

- let mut response = String::new();

- stream.read_line(&mut response).await?;

- if response.is_empty() {

- return Err(Error::InvalidState(

- "qemu-guest-agent closed its channel without replying".into(),

- ));

- }

- validate_response(command, &response)

-}

-

-fn validate_response(command: &str, response: &str) -> R<serde_json::Value> {

- let response: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(response)

- .map_err(|error| Error::InvalidState(format!("invalid qga response: {error}")))?;

- if let Some(error) = response.get("error") {

- return Err(Error::InvalidState(format!(

- "qga {command} failed: {error}"

- )));

- }

- response

- .get("return")

- .cloned()

- .ok_or_else(|| Error::InvalidState(format!("qga {command} response has no return value")))

-}

-

-async fn ping(port: u16) -> R<()> {

- execute(port, "guest-ping", None).await.map(|_| ())

-}

-

-pub async fn wait_until_ready(port: u16, timeout: Duration) -> R<()> {

- let deadline = Instant::now() + timeout;

- loop {

- let attempt = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), ping(port)).await;

- if matches!(attempt, Ok(Ok(()))) {

- return Ok(());

- }

- if Instant::now() >= deadline {

- return Err(Error::InvalidState(format!(

- "declared qga access did not become ready within {} seconds",

- timeout.as_secs()

- )));

- }

- tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;

- }

-}

-

-pub async fn exec(port: u16, command: &[String]) -> R<std::process::Output> {

- let (path, args) = command

- .split_first()

- .ok_or_else(|| Error::InvalidState("exec command must not be empty".into()))?;

- let started = execute(

- port,

- "guest-exec",

- Some(serde_json::json!({

- "path": path,

- "arg": args,

- "capture-output": true

- })),

- )

- .await?;

- let pid = started

- .get("pid")

- .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_u64)

- .ok_or_else(|| Error::InvalidState("qga guest-exec returned no pid".into()))?;

-

- loop {

- let status = execute(

- port,

- "guest-exec-status",

- Some(serde_json::json!({ "pid": pid })),

- )

- .await?;

- if !status

- .get("exited")

- .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_bool)

- .unwrap_or(false)

- {

- tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)).await;

- continue;

- }

-

- return output(&status);

- }

-}

-

-fn output(status: &serde_json::Value) -> R<std::process::Output> {

- for field in ["out-truncated", "err-truncated"] {

- if status

- .get(field)

- .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_bool)

- .unwrap_or(false)

- {

- return Err(Error::InvalidState(format!(

- "qga exec output was truncated ({field})"

- )));

- }

- }

- let decode = |field: &str| -> R<Vec<u8>> {

- let Some(encoded) = status.get(field).and_then(serde_json::Value::as_str) else {

- return Ok(Vec::new());

- };

- base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD

- .decode(encoded)

- .map_err(|error| Error::InvalidState(format!("invalid qga {field}: {error}")))

- };

- Ok(std::process::Output {

- status: exit_status(status)?,

- stdout: decode("out-data")?,

- stderr: decode("err-data")?,

- })

-}

-

-fn exit_status(status: &serde_json::Value) -> R<std::process::ExitStatus> {

- #[cfg(unix)]

- {

- use std::os::unix::process::ExitStatusExt;

- if let Some(code) = status.get("exitcode").and_then(serde_json::Value::as_i64) {

- let code: i32 = code

- .try_into()

- .map_err(|_| Error::InvalidState("qga returned an invalid exit code".into()))?;

- return Ok(std::process::ExitStatus::from_raw(code << 8));

- }

- if let Some(signal) = status.get("signal").and_then(serde_json::Value::as_i64) {

- let signal: i32 = signal

- .try_into()

- .map_err(|_| Error::InvalidState("qga returned an invalid signal".into()))?;

- return Ok(std::process::ExitStatus::from_raw(signal & 0x7f));

- }

- Err(Error::InvalidState(

- "qga exec status has neither exitcode nor signal".into(),

- ))

- }

- #[cfg(windows)]

- {

- use std::os::windows::process::ExitStatusExt;

- let code = status

- .get("exitcode")

- .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_i64)

- .ok_or_else(|| Error::InvalidState("qga exec status has no exitcode".into()))?;

- let code: u32 = code

- .try_into()

- .map_err(|_| Error::InvalidState("qga returned an invalid exit code".into()))?;

- Ok(std::process::ExitStatus::from_raw(code))

- }

-}

-

-#[cfg(test)]

-mod tests {

- use super::*;

-

- #[test]

- fn readiness_requires_a_successful_guest_ping_response() {

- validate_response("guest-ping", r#"{"return":{}}"#).unwrap();

- assert!(

- validate_response("guest-ping", r#"{"error":{"class":"CommandNotFound"}}"#).is_err()

- );

- assert!(validate_response("guest-ping", r#"{"event":"something"}"#).is_err());

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn exec_output_is_decoded_without_losing_exit_status() {

- let output = output(&serde_json::json!({

- "exited": true,

- "exitcode": 7,

- "out-data": "aGVsbG8K",

- "err-data": "b29wcwo="

- }))

- .unwrap();

- assert_eq!(output.status.code(), Some(7));

- assert_eq!(output.stdout, b"hello\n");

- assert_eq!(output.stderr, b"oops\n");

- }

-

- #[test]

- fn truncated_exec_output_is_an_error() {

- assert!(

- output(&serde_json::json!({

- "exited": true,

- "exitcode": 0,

- "out-truncated": true

- }))

- .is_err()

- );

- }

-}

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-//! Minimal QMP client: line-delimited JSON commands/responses over the TCP

-//! loopback channel qemu exposes via

-//! `-qmp tcp:127.0.0.1:<port>,server=on,wait=off`. Events are read and

-//! discarded, not surfaced.

-

-use serde::Deserialize;

-use serde_json::{Value, json};

-use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, BufReader};

-use tokio::net::TcpStream;

-use tokio::net::tcp::{OwnedReadHalf, OwnedWriteHalf};

-

-use crate::{Error, R};

-

-pub struct Qmp {

- reader: BufReader<OwnedReadHalf>,

- writer: OwnedWriteHalf,

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]

-pub enum Status {

- Running,

- Paused,

- Transitional,

-}

-

-impl Status {

- fn from_wire(status: &str) -> Self {

- match status {

- "running" => Self::Running,

- "paused" => Self::Paused,

- _ => Self::Transitional,

- }

- }

-}

-

-impl Qmp {

- /// Connects and completes the capabilities handshake (greeting ->

- /// `qmp_capabilities`), after which arbitrary commands are allowed.

- pub async fn connect(port: u16) -> R<Self> {

- let (read_half, write_half) = TcpStream::connect(("127.0.0.1", port)).await?.into_split();

- let mut qmp = Self {

- reader: BufReader::new(read_half),

- writer: write_half,

- };

- qmp.read_message().await?; // greeting

- qmp.execute("qmp_capabilities", None).await?;

- Ok(qmp)

- }

-

- pub async fn status(&mut self) -> R<Status> {

- #[derive(Deserialize)]

- struct Response {

- status: String,

- }

-

- let response: Response = self.execute_typed("query-status", None).await?;

- Ok(Status::from_wire(&response.status))

- }

-

- pub async fn power_down(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- self.execute_empty("system_powerdown", None).await

- }

-

- pub async fn reset(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- self.execute_empty("system_reset", None).await

- }

-

- pub async fn pause(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- self.execute_empty("stop", None).await

- }

-

- pub async fn resume(&mut self) -> R<()> {

- self.execute_empty("cont", None).await

- }

-

- pub async fn set_balloon_size(&mut self, bytes: u64) -> R<()> {

- self.execute_empty("balloon", Some(json!({ "value": bytes })))

- .await

- }

-

- async fn read_message(&mut self) -> R<Value> {

- loop {

- let mut line = String::new();

- if self.reader.read_line(&mut line).await? == 0 {

- return Err(Error::InvalidState("qmp connection closed".into()));

- }

-

- let line = line.trim();

- if line.is_empty() {

- continue;

- }

-

- let value: Value = serde_json::from_str(line)

- .map_err(|e| Error::InvalidState(format!("invalid qmp message: {e}")))?;

-

- // Events arrive unprompted between a command and its response;

- // we don't surface them (yet), so skip past them here.

- if value.get("event").is_some() {

- continue;

- }

-

- return Ok(value);

- }

- }

-

- async fn execute(&mut self, command: &str, arguments: Option<Value>) -> R<Value> {

- let mut request = json!({ "execute": command });

- if let Some(arguments) = arguments {

- request["arguments"] = arguments;

- }

- let mut bytes = serde_json::to_vec(&request).expect("serializable request");

- bytes.push(b'\n');

- self.writer.write_all(&bytes).await?;

- let response = self.read_message().await?;

- if let Some(error) = response.get("error") {

- return Err(Error::InvalidState(format!(

- "qmp '{command}' failed: {error}"

- )));

- }

- response.get("return").cloned().ok_or_else(|| {

- Error::InvalidState(format!("qmp '{command}' response has no return value"))

- })

- }

-

- async fn execute_empty(&mut self, command: &str, arguments: Option<Value>) -> R<()> {

- self.execute(command, arguments).await.map(|_| ())

- }

-

- async fn execute_typed<T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de>>(

- &mut self,

- command: &str,

- arguments: Option<Value>,

- ) -> R<T> {

- let value = self.execute(command, arguments).await?;

- serde_json::from_value(value).map_err(|error| {

- Error::InvalidState(format!("invalid qmp '{command}' result: {error}"))

- })

- }

-}

-

-/// Picks a free TCP port on 127.0.0.1: binds to port 0 (OS assigns one),

-/// reads it back, then drops the listener before qemu binds it for real.

-/// Small TOCTOU race in principle; standard practice in the absence of a

-/// way to ask qemu what port it actually bound.

-pub async fn free_port() -> std::io::Result<u16> {

- Ok(tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))

- .await?

- .local_addr()?

- .port())

-}

-

-#[cfg(test)]

-mod tests {

- use super::*;

-

- #[test]

- fn wire_status_does_not_escape_the_qmp_boundary() {

- assert_eq!(Status::from_wire("running"), Status::Running);

- assert_eq!(Status::from_wire("paused"), Status::Paused);

- assert_eq!(Status::from_wire("inmigrate"), Status::Transitional);

- }

-}

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-//! Runs a command so its exit code survives even once nobody is left to

-//! `wait()` on it as its real OS parent -- podman does this with `conmon`;

-//! here the host's own shell does the same job. Host-specific by nature

-//! (`sh` on POSIX, PowerShell on Windows), which is fine: unlike guests,

-//! the set of hosts we run on is small and known, so a wrapper per host is

-//! not a burden. Each function has one signature; the OS split lives inside

-//! as `#[cfg]`-gated blocks.

-

-use std::fmt;

-use std::io;

-use std::path::Path;

-

-use tokio::process::{Child, Command};

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]

-pub struct Pid(pub u32);

-

-impl fmt::Display for Pid {

- fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {

- write!(f, "{}", self.0)

- }

-}

-

-/// Fixed PowerShell wrapper: `$Bin`/`$ExitFile`/`$Rest` all arrive as real

-/// process arguments (via `-File`, which binds them like any `param()`

-/// block), never spliced into script text.

-#[cfg(windows)]

-const SUPERVISE_PS1: &str = r#"

-param(

- [Parameter(Mandatory=$true, Position=0)] [string]$Bin,

- [Parameter(Mandatory=$true, Position=1)] [string]$ExitFile,

- [Parameter(ValueFromRemainingArguments=$true)] [string[]]$Rest

-)

-& $Bin @Rest

-Set-Content -Path $ExitFile -Value $LASTEXITCODE -NoNewline

-"#;

-

-/// Spawns `argv` (`argv[0]` is the binary) wrapped so that once it exits,

-/// its exit code is written to `exit_code_file` -- readable later even by a

-/// process that isn't its parent and so can't `wait()` on it directly.

-///

-/// All dynamic values travel as separate argv entries to the wrapper, never

-/// interpolated into script text, so nothing needs escaping.

-pub fn spawn(argv: &[String], exit_code_file: &Path) -> io::Result<Child> {

- #[cfg(unix)]

- {

- Command::new("sh")

- .arg("-c")

- .arg(r#"bin="$1"; shift; exitfile="$1"; shift; "$bin" "$@"; echo $? > "$exitfile""#)

- .arg("sh") // conventional $0 filler, unused

- .arg(&argv[0])

- .arg(exit_code_file)

- .args(&argv[1..])

- .stdin(std::process::Stdio::null())

- .stdout(std::process::Stdio::null())

- .stderr(std::process::Stdio::null())

- .spawn()

- }

- #[cfg(windows)]

- {

- // Content is constant, only the path is dynamic -- written next to

- // the machine's own files, same lifetime as the pidfile/exit-code

- // file.

- let script = exit_code_file

- .parent()

- .unwrap_or_else(|| Path::new("."))

- .join("supervise.ps1");

- std::fs::write(&script, SUPERVISE_PS1)?;

-

- Command::new("powershell")

- .args(["-NoProfile", "-ExecutionPolicy", "Bypass", "-File"])

- .arg(&script)

- .arg(&argv[0])

- .arg(exit_code_file)

- .args(&argv[1..])

- .stdin(std::process::Stdio::null())

- .stdout(std::process::Stdio::null())

- .stderr(std::process::Stdio::null())

- .spawn()

- }

-}

-

-/// Whether `pid` is still alive. Works for any pid, not just our own

-/// children -- `Child::try_wait` only works on the latter.

-pub async fn pid_alive(pid: Pid) -> bool {

- #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]

- {

- tokio::fs::try_exists(format!("/proc/{pid}"))

- .await

- .unwrap_or(false)

- }

- #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "linux")))]

- {

- Command::new("kill")

- .arg("-0")

- .arg(pid.to_string())

- .status()

- .await

- .map(|s| s.success())

- .unwrap_or(false)

- }

- #[cfg(windows)]

- {

- let Ok(out) = Command::new("tasklist")

- .args(["/FI", &format!("PID eq {pid}"), "/NH"])

- .output()

- .await

- else {

- return false;

- };

- String::from_utf8_lossy(&out.stdout).contains(&pid.to_string())

- }

-}

-

-/// Force-terminates `pid`. No parent relationship required, unlike

-/// `Child::kill()`, which is exactly the point.

-pub async fn kill(pid: Pid) -> io::Result<()> {

- #[cfg(unix)]

- {

- let status = Command::new("kill")

- .arg("-KILL")

- .arg(pid.to_string())

- .status()

- .await?;

- if status.success() {

- Ok(())

- } else {

- Err(io::Error::other(format!("kill -KILL {pid} failed")))

- }

- }

- #[cfg(windows)]

- {

- let status = Command::new("taskkill")

- .args(["/PID", &pid.to_string(), "/F"])

- .status()

- .await?;

- if status.success() {

- Ok(())

- } else {

- Err(io::Error::other(format!("taskkill /PID {pid} /F failed")))

- }

- }

-}

-

-/// (cpu_time_ns, memory_bytes) for `pid`, read straight from the host

-/// process -- no QMP/guest cooperation needed.

-pub async fn process_stats(pid: Pid) -> io::Result<(u64, u64)> {

- #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]

- {

- let stat = tokio::fs::read_to_string(format!("/proc/{pid}/stat")).await?;

- // `comm` (field 2) can itself contain spaces/parens; splitting after

- // the last ')' reliably skips past it regardless.

- let after_comm = stat

- .rsplit_once(')')

- .map(|(_, rest)| rest)

- .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("unexpected /proc/pid/stat format"))?;

- let fields: Vec<&str> = after_comm.split_whitespace().collect();

- let field = |i: usize| -> io::Result<u64> {

- fields

- .get(i)

- .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())

- .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("unexpected /proc/pid/stat format"))

- };

- // Fields are 0-indexed from `state` (original field 3); utime/stime

- // are original fields 14/15. 100 (USER_HZ) is the practically

- // universal Linux clock tick rate.

- let cpu_time_ns = (field(11)? + field(12)?) * 10_000_000;

-

- let status = tokio::fs::read_to_string(format!("/proc/{pid}/status")).await?;

- let memory_bytes = status

- .lines()

- .find_map(|line| line.strip_prefix("VmRSS:"))

- .and_then(|rest| rest.split_whitespace().next())

- .and_then(|kb| kb.parse::<u64>().ok())

- .map(|kb| kb * 1024)

- .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("VmRSS not found in /proc/pid/status"))?;

-

- Ok((cpu_time_ns, memory_bytes))

- }

- #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]

- {

- let _ = pid;

- Err(io::Error::other(

- "process stats aren't implemented for this host yet",

- ))

- }

-}

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-use std::fmt;

-use std::path::Path;

-

-use async_trait::async_trait;

-use hule_hmi::{Boot, MachineImage};

-

-use crate::{Machine, MachineId, R, Settings};

-

-/// Self-assigned backend identity, unique only within one `Monitor`

-/// (checked in [`crate::Monitor::new`]) -- plugins can't coordinate globally.

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]

-pub struct HypervisorId(pub u128);

-

-impl fmt::Display for HypervisorId {

- fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {

- write!(f, "{}", self.0)

- }

-}

-

-/// A single hypervisor backend (qemu, firecracker, ...).

-#[async_trait]

-pub trait Hypervisor: Send + Sync {

- fn id(&self) -> HypervisorId;

- fn name(&self) -> &'static str;

-

- /// Whether this backend can boot the given protocol.

- fn supports(&self, boot: &Boot) -> bool;

-

- /// Create a machine bound to `dir`. Does not start it.

- async fn create(

- &self,

- id: MachineId,

- name: Option<&str>,

- image: &MachineImage,

- dir: &Path,

- boot: &Boot,

- settings: &Settings,

- ) -> R<Box<dyn Machine>>;

-

- /// Reconnect to a machine this backend previously created, e.g. after a

- /// restart. `id`/`name`/`settings` come from the monitor's own record.

- async fn reattach(

- &self,

- id: MachineId,

- name: Option<&str>,

- dir: &Path,

- settings: &Settings,

- ) -> R<Box<dyn Machine>>;

-}

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-//! Machine lifecycle: hypervisor plugins, machine handles, and the monitor

-//! that tracks a fleet of them.

-//!

-//! No OCI, registry, or storage concerns -- callers hand in an

-//! already-resolved [`hule_hmi::MachineImage`] plus a directory of its

-//! files.

-//!

-//! `Machine`/`Monitor` mirror Docker's container API term-for-term.

-//! Excluded: `changes`/`export`/`archive` (no host-visible VM filesystem

-//! without guest cooperation), `top` (guest internals are opaque to the

-//! host by construction -- use `exec`).

-

-pub mod backend;

-mod hypervisor;

-mod machine;

-mod monitor;

-

-use std::fmt;

-

-pub use hypervisor::{Hypervisor, HypervisorId};

-pub use machine::{Console, Machine, MachineId, Settings, State, Stats};

-pub use monitor::Monitor;

-

-#[derive(Debug)]

-pub enum Error {

- /// No registered hypervisor supports any boot protocol the image declares.

- Unsupported(String),

-

- /// The image is not resolvable in this context (e.g. `boot` references an unknown disk id).

- InvalidImage(String),

-

- /// The machine isn't in the state the operation requires.

- InvalidState(String),

-

- /// No machine matches the given id.

- NotFound(MachineId),

-

- /// Two registered hypervisors share a `HypervisorId`.

- DuplicateHypervisor(HypervisorId),

-

- /// Underlying OS/process failure.

- Io(std::io::Error),

-}

-

-impl fmt::Display for Error {

- fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {

- match self {

- Self::Unsupported(msg) => write!(f, "unsupported: {msg}"),

- Self::InvalidImage(msg) => write!(f, "invalid image: {msg}"),

- Self::InvalidState(msg) => write!(f, "invalid state: {msg}"),

- Self::NotFound(id) => write!(f, "no machine '{id}'"),

- Self::DuplicateHypervisor(id) => {

- write!(

- f,

- "duplicate hypervisor id {id} registered with this monitor"

- )

- }

- Self::Io(err) => write!(f, "{err}"),

- }

- }

-}

-

-impl std::error::Error for Error {

- fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {

- match self {

- Self::Io(err) => Some(err),

- _ => None,

- }

- }

-}

-

-impl From<std::io::Error> for Error {

- fn from(err: std::io::Error) -> Self {

- Self::Io(err)

- }

-}

-

-pub type R<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-use std::fmt;

-use std::process::{ExitStatus, Output};

-

-use async_trait::async_trait;

-use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};

-use uuid::Uuid;

-

-use crate::{HypervisorId, R};

-

-/// Always a UUIDv7 from [`crate::Monitor::create`], so ids sort by creation

-/// time. An optional, non-unique name can ride alongside -- see

-/// [`Machine::name`].

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]

-pub struct MachineId(pub Uuid);

-

-impl fmt::Display for MachineId {

- fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {

- write!(f, "{}", self.0)

- }

-}

-

-/// Coarse machine state, mirroring Docker's container states.

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]

-pub enum State {

- Created,

- Running,

- Paused,

- Restarting,

- Exited(i32),

- Dead,

-}

-

-/// A live duplex connection to a machine's interactive console.

-pub trait Console: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Send + Unpin {}

-impl<T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Send + Unpin> Console for T {}

-

-/// Deployment-time config of one instance -- distinct from

-/// [`hule_hmi::MachineImage`], which only declares a cpu/ram *range* and

-/// knows nothing about e.g. host ports. Always concrete: callers resolve

-/// image defaults before constructing this.

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]

-pub struct Settings {

- pub cpu: u32,

- pub ram: u64, // megabytes

-

- /// (host, guest) TCP port pairs forwarded to the guest's access channel.

- pub port_forwards: Vec<(u16, u16)>,

-}

-

-/// A snapshot of resource usage, as of the call to `Machine::stats`.

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]

-pub struct Stats {

- pub cpu_time_ns: u64,

- pub memory_bytes: u64,

-}

-

-/// A handle to one virtual machine. Method names follow the Docker Engine

-/// API's container operations (see the crate docs for the two exclusions).

-///

-/// Everything that can touch disk or a socket is `async` -- this crate runs

-/// on tokio throughout, no blocking calls.

-#[async_trait]

-pub trait Machine: Send + Sync {

- fn id(&self) -> MachineId;

- fn hid(&self) -> HypervisorId;

-

- /// Optional, caller-chosen, not required to be unique.

- fn name(&self) -> Option<&str>;

-

- /// In-memory, not the persisted record -- see `update`/`rename` for why

- /// those are `async` while this isn't.

- fn settings(&self) -> Settings;

-

- async fn state(&self) -> State;

- async fn stats(&self) -> R<Stats>;

- async fn logs(&self) -> R<Vec<u8>>;

-

- async fn start(&mut self) -> R<()>;

- async fn stop(&mut self) -> R<()>;

- async fn kill(&mut self) -> R<()>;

- async fn restart(&mut self) -> R<()>;

- async fn delete(&mut self) -> R<()>;

-

- async fn pause(&mut self) -> R<()>;

- async fn unpause(&mut self) -> R<()>;

-

- async fn update(&mut self, settings: Settings) -> R<()>;

- async fn rename(&mut self, name: Option<&str>) -> R<()>;

-

- async fn exec(&self, cmd: &[String]) -> R<Output>;

- async fn wait(&mut self) -> R<ExitStatus>;

- async fn attach(&self) -> R<Box<dyn Console>>;

-}

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

-

-use hule_hmi::MachineImage;

-use tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver;

-use uuid::Uuid;

-

-use crate::{Error, Hypervisor, Machine, MachineId, R, Settings, State};

-

-/// A fleet-wide state change, as delivered by [`Monitor::events`].

-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]

-pub struct Event {

- pub machine: MachineId,

- pub kind: EventKind,

-}

-

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]

-pub enum EventKind {

- Created,

- Started,

- Stopped,

- Killed,

- Restarted,

- Paused,

- Unpaused,

- Removed,

-}

-

-/// Tracks a fleet of machines, possibly across different hypervisors.

-pub struct Monitor {

- #[allow(dead_code)] // read by list()/get() once persisted state lands

- run_dir: PathBuf,

-

- hypervisors: Vec<Box<dyn Hypervisor>>,

-}

-

-impl Monitor {

- pub fn new(run_dir: PathBuf, hypervisors: Vec<Box<dyn Hypervisor>>) -> R<Self> {

- let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();

- for hv in &hypervisors {

- if !seen.insert(hv.id()) {

- return Err(Error::DuplicateHypervisor(hv.id()));

- }

- }

- Ok(Self {

- run_dir,

- hypervisors,

- })

- }

-

- /// Picks the first (hypervisor, boot protocol) pair the hypervisor

- /// supports and creates through it. Manifest boot order isn't significant.

- pub async fn create(

- &self,

- image: &MachineImage,

- dir: &Path,

- name: Option<&str>,

- settings: &Settings,

- ) -> R<Box<dyn Machine>> {

- let id = MachineId(Uuid::now_v7());

- let (hv, boot) = image

- .machine

- .boot

- .iter()

- .filter(|b| b.is_recognized())

- .find_map(|b| {

- self.hypervisors

- .iter()

- .find(|hv| hv.supports(b))

- .map(|hv| (hv, b))

- })

- .ok_or_else(|| {

- Error::Unsupported(

- "no registered hypervisor supports any declared boot protocol".into(),

- )

- })?;

- hv.create(id, name, image, dir, boot, settings).await

- }

-

- /// All machines known to this monitor, running or not.

- pub async fn list(&self) -> R<Vec<Box<dyn Machine>>> {

- todo!("needs a persisted run-state format -- see open design question")

- }

-

- pub async fn get(&self, _id: MachineId) -> R<Box<dyn Machine>> {

- todo!("needs a persisted run-state format -- see open design question")

- }

-

- /// Live stream of fleet-wide state changes. Needs a publish path from

- /// `Machine` impls -- same open question as `list`/`get`.

- pub async fn events(&self) -> R<Receiver<Event>> {

- todo!("needs a publish path from Machine implementations")

- }

-

- /// Deletes every non-running machine (`list` + `delete`; no hypervisor

- /// has a native bulk op). Returns the count deleted.

- pub async fn prune(&self) -> R<usize> {

- let mut deleted = 0;

- for mut machine in self.list().await? {

- if machine.state().await != State::Running {

- machine.delete().await?;

- deleted += 1;

- }

- }

- Ok(deleted)

- }

-}

-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-clap = { version = "4.6.1", features = ["derive"] }

-hule-hmi.workspace = true

-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "fs"] }

-uuid = { version = "1", features = ["v7"] }

-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-use std::fmt::Display;

-use std::process::exit;

-

-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};

-use hule_hmi::{Access, MachineImage};

-use hule_vmm::backend::qemu::QemuHypervisor;

-use hule_vmm::{Hypervisor, MachineId, Settings};

-use uuid::Uuid;

-

-type R<T> = std::result::Result<T, String>;

-

-#[derive(Parser)]

-#[command(version, about)]

-#[command(propagate_version = true)]

-struct Cli {

- #[command(subcommand)]

- command: Commands,

-#[derive(Subcommand)]

-enum Commands {

- Image {

- #[command(subcommand)]

- command: ImageCommands,

- },

- Machine {

- #[command(subcommand)]

- command: MachineCommands,

- },

-#[derive(Subcommand)]

-enum ImageCommands {

- Pull {

- name: String,

- },

- Push {

- name: String,

- Load {

- image: String,

- reference: Option<String>,

- },

-#[derive(Subcommand)]

-enum MachineCommands {

- Run {

- image: String,

- #[arg(default_value_t = 8022)]

- port: u16,

- },

-fn die(msg: impl Display) -> ! {

- eprintln!("hule: {msg}");

-async fn cmd_run(images: &hule_oci::ImageManager, reference: &str, port: u16) -> R<()> {

- if !images

- .contains(reference)

- .await

- .map_err(|error| error.to_string())?

- {

- eprintln!("hule: {reference} not found locally, pulling...");

- images

- .pull(reference)

- .await

- .map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;

- let scratch = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("hule-run-{}", std::process::id()));

- let config = images

- .materialize(reference, &scratch)

- .await

- .map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;

- let image = MachineImage::from_json(&config).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

- let hv = QemuHypervisor;

- let boot = image

- .machine

- .find(|b| matches!(b, hule_hmi::Boot::Linux(_)) && hv.supports(b))

- .or_else(|| image.machine.boot.iter().find(|b| hv.supports(b)))

- .ok_or("no boot protocol in manifest is supported by the qemu backend")?;

- let guest_port = image

- .machine

- Access::Ssh { port, .. } => Some(*port),

- Access::Qga { .. } | Access::Unknown(_) => None,

- let settings = Settings {

- cpu: image.machine.cpu.default as u32,

- ram: image.machine.ram.default / (1024 * 1024),

- port_forwards: vec![(port, guest_port)],

- };

-

- let mut machine = hv

- .create(

- MachineId(Uuid::now_v7()),

- None,

- &image,

- &scratch,

- boot,

- &settings,

- )

- .await

- .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

- scratch.display(),

- boot.protocol()

- machine.start().await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

- let status = machine.wait().await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

-#[tokio::main]

-async fn main() {

- let cli = Cli::parse();

-

- let home = std::env::var("HOME").unwrap_or_else(|_| die("HOME is not set"));

- let root = PathBuf::from(home).join(".hule");

-

- let storage = hule_oci::Storage::open(root.join("oci"), root.join("hmi"))

- .await

- .unwrap_or_else(|e| die(e));

-

- let images = hule_oci::ImageManager::new(storage);

-

- match &cli.command {

- Commands::Image { command } => match &command {

- ImageCommands::Pull { name } => {

- let digest = images.pull(name).await.unwrap_or_else(|e| die(e));

- eprintln!("hule: pulled {} ({digest})", name);

- }

-

- ImageCommands::Push { name } => {

- images.push(name).await.unwrap_or_else(|e| die(e));

- eprintln!("hule: pushed {}", name);

- }

-

- ImageCommands::Load { reference, image } => {

- let digest = images

- .load(Path::new(image), reference.as_deref())

- .await

- .unwrap_or_else(|e| die(e));

-

- match reference {

- Some(reference) => {

- eprintln!("hule: loaded {} as {reference} ({digest})", image)

- }

- None => eprintln!("hule: loaded {} ({digest}, untagged)", image),

- }

- }

- },

- Commands::Machine { command } => match &command {

- MachineCommands::Run { image, port } => {

- cmd_run(&images, image, *port)

- .await

- .unwrap_or_else(|e| die(e));

- }

- },

-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Nikolay Govorov

-# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

-

-[licenses]

-allow = [

- "Apache-2.0",

- "Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception",

- "BSD-2-Clause",

- "BSD-3-Clause",

- "BSL-1.0",

- "CDLA-Permissive-2.0",

- "ISC",

- "MIT",

- "MPL-2.0",

- "Unicode-3.0",

- "Zlib",

-]

-unused-allowed-license = "allow"

-# Isolation landscape

-

-A cursory overview of similar or related projects that caught the author's

-attention. There is no systematic approach, so great projects might be

-overlooked.

-

-**Containers:**

-

-- <https://podman.io>

-- <https://docker.com>

-- <https://colima.run>

-- <https://containerd.io>

-- <https://linuxcontainers.org/incus>

-- <https://github.com/apple/container>

-

-**Container build tools:**

-

-- <https://buildah.io>

-- <https://github.com/lxc/distrobuilder>

-

-**Micro VM:**

-

-- <https://lima-vm.io>

-- <https://microsandbox.dev>

-- <https://firecracker-microvm.io>

-- <https://github.com/libkrun/krunvm>

-

-**macOS VM:**

-

-- <https://tart.run>

-- <https://veertu.com>

-

-**VM image formats:**

-

-- <https://www.dmtf.org/standards/ovf>

-- <https://www.qemu.org/docs/master/interop/qcow2.html>

-